The Sword of Focus

https://creators.spotify.com/pod/show/dante-sisofo/embed/episodes/The-Sword-of-Focus-e2rrarn/a-ablofak

The Sword of Focus

If there’s one truth I discovered after a decade of practicing street photography, it is that you have to be 100% focused on photography in order to become the best you can be at it. I can only really speak for myself because this is my reality. I spent the past 10 years 100% focused, photographing every single day, hardly ever missing a day off from shooting. I’ve always had laser focus and discipline with my practice, like an athlete. Heightened focus keeps my sword sharp!

Focus Sharpens My View of the World

As a photographer, what we include in the frame is just as important as what we exclude from the frame. I believe that through focusing on the details that you’re interested in, simply photographing more, making pictures rapidly every day with laser-sharp focus, ultimately sharpens your view of the world. I believe that through photography, we can enhance the way that we view the world generally—not just in a visual way, but in a deeper, emotional, or even spiritual way.

Strike with Precision

I wield my camera as a sword, strike through the heart of chaos, and reflect the soul of the street in the photos I make. It’s important to stay laser-focused when you’re on the street, recognizing the patterns in both nature and human behavior. Whether it’s the gestures as people move or the way the light falls on certain surfaces at a particular time of day, you must pay attention and strike with precision with your camera. Observe the world with clairvoyance.

Pay Attention

When you’re on the street, you should be looking 10 steps ahead of you. When I’m walking at a very slow pace, I can scan my surroundings and have a clear understanding of what’s coming around each corner. This, to me, is what is required as a street photographer: your presence and your attention. All of the compositional elements that you can throw together in a frame, your timing, and how you make pictures technically will come second nature over time. What you really need to hone in on, however, is your ability to perceive with your intuition and respond quickly by paying attention.

Fuck Expectations

What are you paying attention to?

Maybe our attention is the ultimate currency in the universe. How you “spend” your time is the real currency, not the numbers and zeros in your bank account or how many followers and likes you get on social media.

I say, fuck the expectations. Who cares what people think about you, your photography, and your life decisions? You know what’s best for you, so do you. If you want to photograph a particular way, a certain subject, or switch things up, do it because you know it’s the right decision for you. Don’t worry about the expectations or outcome.

Energy Vampires

Some people just love to complain, don’t they?

You ever start your day, and the first interaction you have is someone complaining, whether it’s about the weather, the poor sleep they got last night, or something that’s bothering them in their social life? Some people are energy vampires, but I don’t think that they consciously know that they are. I think misery is something that dwells within people, and it’s something that just seeps out naturally.

My unorthodox approach to dealing with people who complain is to just let them complain to me. I almost find it amusing in a sick way, where it actually fuels me as I recognize how trivial these matters are. We are currently standing on a gigantic rock, orbiting around a ball of fire, a small speck in the grand scheme of things when you consider the vacuum of space and the billions of galaxies in the universe. So whenever I hear somebody complaining to me, I simply absorb it and transmute the energy, zooming out from my eagle, looking down upon the interaction from a third perspective point of view—amused. Transmuting the energy to fuel me, kind of like I’m going Super Saiyan. Recognizing how trivial everything is empowers me.

Only Speak When Spoken To

As much as I like to yap and make YouTube videos, I’m basically silent for the entirety of my days. I generally only speak when I’m spoken to. I’d rather spend the day in silence, deep in thought, or simply meditating upon whatever I’m doing physically. I don’t really like chatter, if I’m being honest, especially if it’s not meaningful. I’d rather speak when I’m spoken to and keep my mouth shut. I’d rather just speak to my GoPro.

Break the Matrix

The system is broken. Is there a glitch in the system? Did you ever play that game Skyrim?

I remember in Skyrim, when the game first came out, I could not get myself to stop playing all evening. I was addicted. It’s probably one of the best video games of all time. When I found out about the best armor in the game—dragon armor—I wanted to get it so badly. I actually think I remember playing the game for like 24 hours straight and wound up getting this armor in the fastest way humanly possible. In the game, you have a variety of skills that you need to level up to level 99 in order to invest within the gameplay. I find that this idea of leveling up your different skills is a metaphor for real life.

Anyways, when you enter Whiterun, one of the first towns in the game, I remember finding an exploit, or a glitch, that allowed me to increase my smithing skill rapidly, which was required to get the best armor in the game. I would make daggers using simple materials like iron, bring them to the blacksmith, craft daggers, and then sell them back to him or a shop for a profit. Because the materials I was gathering basically required no effort on my end, I could sit there all day making these daggers and increasing my smithing skill in the fastest way possible.

I remember finding a glitch where I could climb on the wall of Whiterun, jumping under the matrix of the map—you know, that grid pattern that is sometimes left behind from game development—and make my way underneath certain shops, where I could steal from the chests of merchants while their houses were locked. I was hidden underneath the map, looting everything they had. I spent a good couple of hours just stealing all the items from all the shops and selling all of their items back to them the next day. This exploit was insane and increased my gold faster than any other glitch I found in the game.

I feel like Bitcoin is this glitch in the system, and it’s honestly getting amusing at this point. Fiat currency feels like those shitty iron daggers that I would make with the blacksmith. It’s as if I was taking fiat currency from the chests of those shop owners—like they are the central bank—and then putting it into your own armory, your own vault, your own personal bank, that gets you the best armor in the game at the fastest rate possible. There’s obviously some risk involved when it comes to glitching out of the map and going under the matrix pattern, as you can fall to your death very easily, but that risk involved—the danger—is what gets you the dragon armor.

Bitcoin as a Response to a Broken System

So SEPTA, Philadelphia public transportation workers, just recently threatened to go on strike and demanded to have their wages increased. Their demands were met, wages have been increased, but now bus fare is also more expensive. The fare went from $2 to $2.50. This may seem like a small amount, but every dollar adds up. To me, this is a telltale sign that the system is broken. Wages should never have to be increased; bus fare should not be touched or tampered with. It’s just another telltale sign and reminder on the local level that the economic health of the United States is weakening every single day. This is why I love Bitcoin—because it’s a response to this broken system. If I want to store my money in a place that will appreciate in value over time, it seems that there is literally only one option. If I store my money in fiat terms, the value of these dollars is simply going to depreciate year after year.

What is so frustrating about the economy to me is that it is merely a means to an end. The system is so broken that you see a lack of procreation and families formed, as individuals hardly make enough to pay for their own rent, food, etc. The point of life isn’t to get rich or see lots of zeros appear; it’s to form communities, families, to produce, and create—to procreate. This is obviously happening at scale, and I think it is the root of all problems right now in the world in general. All of the world’s problems are directly tied to money. If you solve the money problem, I feel like you can solve 99% of the problems in the world. With the current state of the economy, it’s like we are just a bunch of pigs with a carrot on a stick dangling in front of us that we will never reach. An endless hamster wheel to nowhere until we fall into the grave.

It’s time to sharpen our swords with laser focus. Let’s go from iron daggers to dragon armor. Let’s break this fucking matrix and reach level 99 on all fronts. I’m not just increasing my photography skill anymore; I’m increasing my gold, my strength, defense, intelligence, creativity, and going over 9000 on every level in 2025.The Sword of Focus

If there’s one truth I discovered after a decade of practicing street photography, it is that you have to be 100% focused on photography in order to become the best you can be at it. I can only really speak for myself because this is my reality. I spent the past 10 years 100% focused, photographing every single day, hardly ever missing a day off from shooting. I’ve always had laser focus and discipline with my practice, like an athlete. Heightened focus keeps my sword sharp!

Focus Sharpens My View of the World

As a photographer, what we include in the frame is just as important as what we exclude from the frame. I believe that through focusing on the details that you’re interested in, simply photographing more, making pictures rapidly every day with laser-sharp focus, ultimately sharpens your view of the world. I believe that through photography, we can enhance the way that we view the world generally—not just in a visual way, but in a deeper, emotional, or even spiritual way.

Strike with Precision

I wield my camera as a sword, strike through the heart of chaos, and reflect the soul of the street in the photos I make. It’s important to stay laser-focused when you’re on the street, recognizing the patterns in both nature and human behavior. Whether it’s the gestures as people move or the way the light falls on certain surfaces at a particular time of day, you must pay attention and strike with precision with your camera. Observe the world with clairvoyance.

Pay Attention

When you’re on the street, you should be looking 10 steps ahead of you. When I’m walking at a very slow pace, I can scan my surroundings and have a clear understanding of what’s coming around each corner. This, to me, is what is required as a street photographer: your presence and your attention. All of the compositional elements that you can throw together in a frame, your timing, and how you make pictures technically will come second nature over time. What you really need to hone in on, however, is your ability to perceive with your intuition and respond quickly by paying attention.

Fuck Expectations

What are you paying attention to?

Maybe our attention is the ultimate currency in the universe. How you “spend” your time is the real currency, not the numbers and zeros in your bank account or how many followers and likes you get on social media.

I say, fuck the expectations. Who cares what people think about you, your photography, and your life decisions? You know what’s best for you, so do you. If you want to photograph a particular way, a certain subject, or switch things up, do it because you know it’s the right decision for you. Don’t worry about the expectations or outcome.

Energy Vampires

Some people just love to complain, don’t they?

You ever start your day, and the first interaction you have is someone complaining, whether it’s about the weather, the poor sleep they got last night, or something that’s bothering them in their social life? Some people are energy vampires, but I don’t think that they consciously know that they are. I think misery is something that dwells within people, and it’s something that just seeps out naturally.

My unorthodox approach to dealing with people who complain is to just let them complain to me. I almost find it amusing in a sick way, where it actually fuels me as I recognize how trivial these matters are. We are currently standing on a gigantic rock, orbiting around a ball of fire, a small speck in the grand scheme of things when you consider the vacuum of space and the billions of galaxies in the universe. So whenever I hear somebody complaining to me, I simply absorb it and transmute the energy, zooming out from my ego, looking down upon the interaction from a third perspective point of view—amused. Transmuting the energy to fuel me, kind of like I’m going Super Saiyan. Recognizing how trivial everything is empowers me.

Only Speak When Spoken To

As much as I like to yap and make YouTube videos, I’m basically silent for the entirety of my days. I generally only speak when I’m spoken to. I’d rather spend the day in silence, deep in thought, or simply meditating upon whatever I’m doing physically. I don’t really like chatter, if I’m being honest, especially if it’s not meaningful. I’d rather speak when I’m spoken to and keep my mouth shut. I’d rather just speak to my GoPro.

Break the Matrix

The system is broken. Is there a glitch in the system? Did you ever play that game Skyrim?

I remember in Skyrim, when the game first came out, I could not get myself to stop playing all evening. I was addicted. It’s probably one of the best video games of all time. When I found out about the best armor in the game—dragon armor—I wanted to get it so badly. I actually think I remember playing the game for like 24 hours straight and wound up getting this armor in the fastest way humanly possible. In the game, you have a variety of skills that you need to level up to level 99 in order to invest within the gameplay. I find that this idea of leveling up your different skills is a metaphor for real life.

Anyways, when you enter Whiterun, one of the first towns in the game, I remember finding an exploit, or a glitch, that allowed me to increase my smithing skill rapidly, which was required to get the best armor in the game. I would make daggers using simple materials like iron, bring them to the blacksmith, craft daggers, and then sell them back to him or a shop for a profit. Because the materials I was gathering basically required no effort on my end, I could sit there all day making these daggers and increasing my smithing skill in the fastest way possible.

I remember finding a glitch where I could climb on the wall of Whiterun, jumping under the matrix of the map—you know, that grid pattern that is sometimes left behind from game development—and make my way underneath certain shops, where I could steal from the chests of merchants while their houses were locked. I was hidden underneath the map, looting everything they had. I spent a good couple of hours just stealing all the items from all the shops and selling all of their items back to them the next day. This exploit was insane and increased my gold faster than any other glitch I found in the game.

I feel like Bitcoin is this glitch in the system, and it’s honestly getting amusing at this point. Fiat currency feels like those shitty iron daggers that I would make with the blacksmith. It’s as if I was taking fiat currency from the chests of those shop owners—like they are the central bank—and then putting it into your own armory, your own vault, your own personal bank, that gets you the best armor in the game at the fastest rate possible. There’s obviously some risk involved when it comes to glitching out of the map and going under the matrix pattern, as you can fall to your death very easily, but that risk involved—the danger—is what gets you the dragon armor.

Bitcoin as a Response to a Broken System

So SEPTA, Philadelphia public transportation workers, just recently threatened to go on strike and demanded to have their wages increased. Their demands were met, wages have been increased, but now bus fare is also more expensive. The fare went from $2 to $2.50. This may seem like a small amount, but every dollar adds up. To me, this is a telltale sign that the system is broken. Wages should never have to be increased; bus fare should not be touched or tampered with. It’s just another telltale sign and reminder on the local level that the economic health of the United States is weakening every single day. This is why I love Bitcoin—because it’s a response to this broken system. If I want to store my money in a place that will appreciate in value over time, it seems that there is literally only one option. If I store my money in fiat terms, the value of these dollars is simply going to depreciate year after year.

What is so frustrating about the economy to me is that it is merely a means to an end. The system is so broken that you see a lack of procreation and families formed, as individuals hardly make enough to pay for their own rent, food, etc. The point of life isn’t to get rich or see lots of zeros appear; it’s to form communities, families, to produce, and create—to procreate. This is obviously happening at scale, and I think it is the root of all problems right now in the world in general. All of the world’s problems are directly tied to money. If you solve the money problem, I feel like you can solve 99% of the problems in the world. With the current state of the economy, it’s like we are just a bunch of pigs with a carrot on a stick dangling in front of us that we will never reach. An endless hamster wheel to nowhere until we fall into the grave.

It’s time to sharpen our swords with laser focus. Let’s go from iron daggers to dragon armor. Let’s break this fucking matrix and reach level 99 on all fronts. I’m not just increasing my photography skill anymore; I’m increasing my gold, my strength, defense, intelligence, creativity, and going over 9000 on every level in 2025.

Out of Focus

https://creators.spotify.com/pod/show/dante-sisofo/embed/episodes/Out-of-Focus-e2rrarm/a-ablofck

Out of Focus

Check out this glitch I just found. I was in macro mode, out of focus, photographing the cars as they passed by. I don’t know if my GoPro captured it, but the lights looked so weird—these beautiful bokeh balls forming as I scanned around.

It started as me trying to focus on a texture on the bus stop glass, but then I stumbled onto this effect. It made me think about focus in photography. Most of my photos are sharp—critical focus, perfect sharpness. Maybe it’s time to break that pattern, to play around in a more painterly way. Experimentation is kind of where I’m at right now, and this feels exciting.

With macro mode, everything locked into these bokeh balls. It’s not technically in focus, but the results are wild. As much as I talk about wanting to experiment, I realize I’ve been stuck in my own ways—sharp snaps on the street. But this, this is different. It’s a happy accident.

Sometimes you just stumble into something new. Maybe I’ll shoot more out of focus in the mornings, especially in low light. It’s about discovery, about playing with the essence of photography—light itself.

This is one of those moments that feels amateur in the best way possible. Just tinkering. Just playing. Who knows what reality will manifest in a photo next?

SEPTA Fare Increase

https://wwww.septa.org/news/december-2024-fare-increase

Effective December 1, 2024, the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) implemented a 7.5% fare increase across its services. This adjustment, the first since 2017, aims to address a significant $240 million budget deficit.

Key Changes:

Bus, Subway, and Trolley Fares: The Travel Wallet fare for these services has risen from $2.00 to $2.50, aligning with the cash fare. Riders continue to benefit from two free transfers, with new flexibility allowing roundtrips on a single fare.

Regional Rail Fares: Single-trip fares have been adjusted to synchronize Travel Wallet and Quick Trip pricing by zone. Notably, the Evening Weekday Off-Peak Fare Discount has been discontinued.

TransPass+ Adjustments: The Overbrook, Wissahickon, and Tulpehocken stations have been reclassified from Zone 2 to Zone 1, expanding the total to 18 Zone 1 stations. Holders of weekly or monthly TransPass+ can now access all Zone 1 stations without additional charges. However, the provision for free weekday off-peak travel to and from all Philadelphia Regional Rail stations for TransPass+ holders has been removed.

Unchanged Aspects:

Pass Prices: All daily, weekly, and monthly pass prices remain unchanged.

Senior and Child Fares: Seniors aged 65 and over, as well as children under 12, continue to ride free.

This fare adjustment is part of SEPTA’s strategy to maintain service levels amid financial challenges. The agency had previously deferred planned fare increases in 2020 due to the pandemic.

For a comprehensive breakdown of the fare changes and related modifications, please visit SEPTA’s official announcement.

The Ionian School

The Ionian School

Introduction to Greco-Roman Philosophy

In this series of six lectures, we journey back to the archaic age of ancient Greece (roughly 700-500 BC) to explore the foundational questions that continue to shape our lives. This period marked the beginning of Western thought, introducing a unique philosophical posture characterized by curiosity, skepticism, and reason.

The Ionian School is our starting point, named for the Greek-speaking region of Ionia (modern-day central Anatolian coastline in Turkey), particularly the city of Miletus, a hub of commerce and intellectual exchange. Trade brought ideas from Egyptian, Phoenician, and Babylonian cultures, fostering a confluence of thought that challenged traditional religious and political assumptions.

“Contrast is the mother of clarity.”

This intellectual ferment led to a new way of thinking, shifting from mythos (story-based explanations) to logos (reasoned accounts), laying the groundwork for philosophical inquiry.


From Mythos to Logos

Early Greek thinkers like Homer and Hesiod attributed knowledge to divine inspiration. The Iliad and the Odyssey open with invocations to the Muses, emphasizing reliance on mythos. However, the Ionian philosophers introduced logos, emphasizing human reasoning and the capacity to interrogate the world:

  • Logos: A multifaceted term meaning reason, account, speech, or thought.
  • The shift to logos reflected a rational inquiry into the nature of reality.
  • Central questions emerged: How much can we trust sense experience? How much should we rely on a priori reasoning?

This dual focus on the logos of reality (metaphysics) and the logos of the mind (epistemology) became the “engine rooms” of philosophy:

  1. Metaphysics: Inquiry into the fundamental building blocks of reality.
  2. Epistemology: Study of knowledge and how we acquire it.

The Pioneers of the Ionian School

Thales of Miletus

  • Considered the first Greek philosopher.
  • Flourished: Around 585 BC, as evidenced by his successful prediction of a solar eclipse.
  • Known as a physiologos (one who gives an account of nature).
  • Proposed that water is the fundamental principle (arche) of all things:

“The founding principle of everything and its final end is water.”

Thales’ claim reflects three groundbreaking insights:

  • A move towards identifying a primal origin.
  • Use of language devoid of mythological imagery.
  • The notion that all things are one.

Anaximander of Miletus

  • Followed Thales, introducing the concept of the infinite (to apeiron) as the arche.
  • Reasoned that the ultimate reality must be:
  • Indeterminate: Free of characteristics that delimit it.
  • Eternal and immortal, immune to decay.

Anaximander’s revolutionary approach relied on reason alone, marking a departure from sense experience.

Anaximenes of Miletus

  • Proposed air as the arche:
  • Air is essential for life and exists in different states.
  • Demonstrated a continued reliance on material explanations.

Heraclitus of Ephesus

  • Known as the philosopher of change and flux:

“You cannot step into the same river twice.”

  • Despite emphasizing change, he introduced logos as the underlying principle of order and rationality.
  • His insights bridged the tension between sense experience (flux) and reason (stability):
  • The road up and the road down are one and the same.
  • Relativism and perspectivalism: Truth is refracted through the observer’s perspective.

Tensions and Themes in Ionian Thought

  1. Nature (Physis) vs. Convention (Nomos):
  • A recurring theme in Greek thought.
  • Explores the distinction between the natural world and human societal constructs.
  1. Reason vs. Experience:
  • Early debates about the reliability of rational thought versus empirical observation.
  • Rationalist tradition: Plato, Descartes.
  • Empiricist tradition: Aristotle, Locke.
  1. The Divine:
  • While not atheists, Ionian thinkers adopted a skeptical attitude toward traditional polytheism.
  • Xenophanes of Colophon criticized anthropomorphic gods:
    > “If horses had gods, they would resemble horses.”
  • Their inquiry aligned the divine with the ultimate reality.

Legacy of the Ionian School

The Ionian philosophers represent the birth of Western philosophy, emphasizing:

  • Rational inquiry into the nature of reality.
  • The integration of philosophy with life, treating beliefs as a guide for living.
  • A critical attitude toward received traditions, inspiring future philosophical developments.

While their ideas may seem primitive today, figures like Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Heraclitus laid the foundations for centuries of philosophical thought, influencing both science and metaphysics.


Key Takeaways

  • The Ionian School introduced logos as a method of inquiry.
  • They explored fundamental questions about the nature of reality and the capacity of human reason.
  • Their ideas established a framework for later philosophical and scientific inquiry, transitioning from mythos to a more rational, systematic approach to understanding the world.

“All things are one.” — Thales

The Eleatic School

The Eleatic School

In our exploration of ancient philosophy, we now turn from the Ionian School to the Eleatic School, transitioning from the west coast of modern-day Turkey to the western coast of Italy, specifically to Elea. While not all figures discussed fit neatly into the Eleatic School, they share a distinctive outlook—a focus on Being rather than Becoming.

Transition from Becoming to Being

In the Ionian School, philosophers like Thales, Anaximenes, and Heraclitus sought foundational elements such as water, air, or fire to explain ultimate reality. Their inquiries resembled proto-scientific attempts to locate material origins for all things. The Eleatic School, however, rejected the notion that reality’s fundamental questions could be answered by material elements alone. They shifted focus to Being (capital B), emphasizing its unchanging, eternal nature over the transient world of Becoming.

Parmenides: The Pioneer of Being

Parmenides of Elea stands as the central figure of this school. Writing in the early 5th century BC, his philosophy represents a radical departure from earlier thought. For Parmenides, Being is the ultimate starting point for philosophy.

The Way of Truth vs. The Way of Belief

Parmenides’ key work, a poem titled Peri Phuseos (On Nature), narrates a journey of a young man who meets a goddess. The goddess teaches him the tools to discern truth from belief:

  • Aletheia (Truth): The way of understanding ultimate reality.
  • Doxa (Belief): The domain of appearances and opinions.

“What is, is. What is not, is not.”

Parmenides argues that Being is indivisible and eternal. If something exists, it always has and always will. Becoming, or the idea that things can come into or go out of existence, is illusory.

Critique of Sense Perception

Parmenides emphasized the unreliability of sensory experience, advocating for reliance on reason to grasp reality. While the senses suggest a world of change and diversity, reason reveals a singular, unchanging unity.

The Problem of “Is”

Parmenides’ philosophy hinges on the Greek word esti (is), which encompasses both existence (Socrates is) and predication (Socrates is wise). This linguistic ambiguity led to philosophical challenges, as it conflates different uses of “is” and complicates discussions of Being.

Empedocles and the Elements

Empedocles of Acragas built on Parmenides’ framework but sought to reconcile Being with the apparent diversity of Becoming. He proposed:

  1. Four fundamental elements: fire, air, water, earth.
  2. Two opposing forces: love (attraction) and strife (repulsion).

Through the interplay of these elements and forces, Empedocles explained the world’s apparent diversity while adhering to the Eleatic commitment to an unchanging Being.

Anaxagoras: Infinite Divisibility

Anaxagoras introduced the concept of homoeomeroi (like parts), asserting that everything contains a portion of everything else. For example:

  • Gold remains gold no matter how finely it is divided.
  • Reality is infinitely divisible (“gunky”) rather than consisting of indivisible units.

Anaxagoras also introduced the concept of nous (mind), an organizing intelligence that brings order to the cosmos. This idea resonated deeply with later thinkers, including Socrates and Plato.

The Role of Nous

“Mind is the cause of all order and beauty in the world.”

Anaxagoras’ nous represented a groundbreaking move toward understanding reality as fundamentally intelligible and ordered by a rational principle.

Pythagoras: Numbers and Harmony

Though not strictly part of the Eleatic School, Pythagoras of Samos shared its commitment to uncovering ultimate principles. For Pythagoras:

  1. Reality is a kosmos, an orderly and harmonious whole.
  2. Numbers and mathematical relationships underpin this order.
  3. Music, as “number in motion,” exemplifies the cosmic harmony.

The Tetraktys

Pythagoras revered the tetraktys, a triangular arrangement of the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 that sums to 10. This symbolized the foundational role of mathematical relationships in the cosmos.

“The world is built on the power of numbers.”

Pythagoras’ insights paved the way for later developments in philosophy and science, where mathematics became central to understanding physical reality.

The Legacy of the Eleatic School

The Eleatic School’s emphasis on Being and its critiques of sensory perception laid the groundwork for metaphysics. Parmenides’ rationalism influenced Plato’s Theory of Forms, while Empedocles and Anaxagoras bridged the gap between Eleatic monism and Ionian pluralism. Pythagoras’ mathematical vision of the cosmos remains a cornerstone of Western thought.

In our next lecture, we will explore Plato’s synthesis of these ideas, merging Being and Becoming into a unified philosophical vision.

Plato’s Perspective

Plato’s Perspective

In the first two lectures of this series, we examined two schools of thought addressing foundational philosophical problems. We explored the Ionian school and the Eleatic school. Now, we move into the fifth century BC, the so-called classical age—a golden era in the history of Hellenic thought. This period, spanning roughly from the fall of Miletus to the death of Plato (496–347 BC), represents a transformative chapter in philosophy, art, and politics, with Athens at its epicenter.

The Rise of Athens

As Ionia came under the Persian Empire’s control and Magna Graecia’s city-states stabilized, the focus of intellectual and cultural activity shifted to Athens. Despite its modest size, Athens witnessed an extraordinary efflorescence of human genius during the fifth century BC. Among its achievements were the invention of theater, the rise of historiography through figures like Herodotus and Thucydides, and the birth of political democracy—a radical experiment in governance where decisions were made directly by citizens.

However, Athens was also a city embroiled in conflict. The Persian Wars and the subsequent Peloponnesian Wars against Sparta left the city in a state of total war for much of the century. Amid this turmoil, Athens became a beacon of cultural and intellectual innovation, setting the stage for figures like Socrates and Plato.

The Sophists and the Challenge to Tradition

During this period, a new class of thinkers, the sophists, emerged. These itinerant teachers offered instruction in rhetoric and argumentation, equipping young Athenians to succeed in the democratic assemblies. While the sophists fostered skepticism towards traditional beliefs and Homeric values, they were often criticized for prioritizing persuasion over truth.

This sophistic movement laid the groundwork for a shift in philosophical focus from cosmological inquiries to human-centered questions: What is justice? What is courage? How should we live? Yet, the sophists’ relativism and their association with moral ambiguity provoked a strong reaction in the form of Socratic and Platonic philosophy.

Plato’s Response to the Sophists

Plato, born into an aristocratic family in 429 BC, initially aspired to be a tragedian. However, his encounter with Socrates transformed his life. Plato’s dialogues, written after Socrates’ execution in 399 BC, champion his teacher’s method of dialectic—a collaborative search for truth through questioning and debate.

The dialogues typically feature Socrates engaging with interlocutors to dissect complex ideas. Many early dialogues, such as the Euthyphro and the Laches, end inconclusively, highlighting the participants’ ignorance rather than providing definitive answers. These “philosophical failures” reveal the profound difficulty of attaining true knowledge and underscore the need for rigorous intellectual inquiry.

The Middle Dialogues and the Republic

Plato’s middle dialogues, including the Gorgias, Meno, Phaedo, and Symposium, showcase his philosophical maturity. They delve into themes such as morality, knowledge, the immortality of the soul, and the nature of love. Central to this period is The Republic, a monumental work that investigates justice, education, and the ideal society.

The Republic introduces Plato’s famous allegory of the cave. Prisoners, shackled in a cave, mistake shadows on the wall for reality. When one prisoner escapes and experiences the sunlight, he realizes the deeper truth of existence. This allegory symbolizes the philosopher’s journey from ignorance to enlightenment and underscores the importance of transcendent realities—what Plato refers to as the Forms.

Plato’s Theory of Forms

Plato posits that true knowledge comes from understanding the immutable and eternal Forms, rather than the fleeting and imperfect objects of sense experience. For example, while individual acts of justice may vary, the Form of Justice represents an unchanging ideal. This metaphysical framework bridges the material focus of the Ionian school with the Eleatic emphasis on Being.

The Form of the Good, the highest of all Forms, is analogous to the sun in Plato’s allegory. Just as the sun illuminates the physical world, the Good illuminates the intelligible realm, enabling us to grasp truth and reality.

Philosophy as Collaborative Inquiry

Plato’s use of dialogues reflects his belief in the collaborative nature of philosophical inquiry. Truth, he argues, is best pursued through dialectic—a process of questioning, refinement, and mutual critique. This method not only sharpens understanding but also fosters humility and openness to new perspectives.

The Legacy of Plato

Plato’s dialogues continue to resonate as both literary masterpieces and profound philosophical works. They address timeless questions about the nature of reality, morality, and the human condition. By synthesizing the insights of his predecessors and advancing a rigorous methodology for philosophical inquiry, Plato laid the foundation for Western philosophy.

In the next lecture, we will delve into Plato’s political vision, examining how his metaphysical and epistemological theories inform his ideas about the ideal city-state.

Aristotle’s Approach

Aristotle’s Approach

Aristotle: The Philosopher from Macedonia

Aristotle of Stagira, often referred to simply as “The Philosopher” in the Middle Ages, is a rare example of a pupil outshining his master. Unlike his teacher Plato, who hailed from Athens’ elite, Aristotle came from Macedonia, considered by Athenian elites to be a cultural backwater. Yet, it was from this outsider status that Aristotle emerged to reshape philosophy, becoming one of the most influential thinkers in Western history.

Aristotle settled in Athens as a metic, a resident alien without citizenship rights. This distinction between citizen and alien profoundly influenced his thinking, appearing in both Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Politics. Despite his lack of Athenian citizenship, Aristotle’s impact on the city and philosophy was monumental.

The Historical Context

Plato’s death in 347 BC coincided with Athens’ decline. Meanwhile, Macedonia, under King Philip II and later Alexander the Great, rose to dominate the known world. Alexander, tutored by Aristotle, extended his empire from Greece to India, transforming the geopolitical landscape.

Aristotle’s association with Alexander caused suspicion in Athens, leading to his exile in 322 BC, where he died shortly after. However, his philosophical legacy endured, with medieval scholars referring to him as Philosophus. Thomas Aquinas and others integrated his work into Catholic philosophy, cementing his influence.

The Founding of the Lyceum

After leaving Plato’s Academy, Aristotle founded the Lyceum in Athens. This institution became a cornerstone of higher learning, standing alongside Plato’s Academy as a precursor to modern universities. Aristotle’s systematic approach to knowledge extended across disciplines, including physics, metaphysics, biology, ethics, and politics. His contributions laid the groundwork for countless fields of study.

Aristotle’s Four Causes

One of Aristotle’s most significant contributions is his theory of the four causes, which explains change and existence:

  1. Material Cause: The substance or matter from which something is made (e.g., marble for a statue).
  2. Formal Cause: The form or blueprint that defines the essence of a thing.
  3. Efficient Cause: The agent or process that brings something into being (e.g., the sculptor’s actions).
  4. Final Cause: The purpose or end for which a thing exists (e.g., the statue’s role as art or tribute).

This teleological framework—the idea that everything in nature has a purpose—is central to Aristotle’s thought. For example, the telos (purpose) of an acorn is to become an oak tree. Similarly, Aristotle argued that human flourishing, or eudaimonia, is the ultimate purpose of human life.

Substance and Essence

Aristotle’s metaphysics hinges on the distinction between substance and accidents. A substance is a bearer of properties, while accidents are the properties themselves. For example, a cake (substance) can be brown (an accident). He further distinguished between:

  • Primary Substance: Individual entities (e.g., this specific cake).
  • Secondary Substance: The broader category to which an entity belongs (e.g., cakes in general).

Aristotle’s doctrine of metaphysical essentialism holds that a thing’s essence—its defining characteristics—qualifies it for membership in a natural kind. This idea remains a subject of debate among contemporary philosophers.

Teleology in Nature

For Aristotle, nature is imbued with purpose. Everything, from an acorn to the cosmos, moves toward its ultimate end. He introduced the concept of the unmoved mover, a self-sufficient, eternal substance that inspires all motion and change in the universe. This nous (thought thinking itself) is a foundational idea in Aristotle’s metaphysical framework.

The Soul and Psychology

Aristotle’s De Anima (On the Soul) provides a comprehensive account of the soul as the essence of living beings. He identified three levels of soul:

  1. Nutritive Soul: Present in plants, enabling growth and nutrition.
  2. Sensitive Soul: Present in animals, enabling perception and movement.
  3. Rational Soul: Unique to humans, enabling reason and intellect.

Aristotle’s holistic view integrates the soul with the body, arguing that the two are inseparable. The soul is to the body as the form is to a statue; remove the soul, and the body ceases to function.

Ethics: The Pursuit of Flourishing

In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explored the concept of eudaimonia, often mistranslated as “happiness.” For Aristotle, eudaimonia means flourishing or living in accordance with one’s nature as a rational being. This state is achieved through:

  • Virtue: Moral excellence developed through habituated practice.
  • Reason: The unique capacity of humans to deliberate and act in alignment with rational principles.

Aristotle argued that virtues must be cultivated through habit. He famously stated, “We are what we repeatedly do.” However, he acknowledged the challenge of moral weakness (akrasia), where individuals act against their better judgment, often due to a lack of habituated virtue.

Politics: Humans as Social Animals

Aristotle’s Politics builds on his ethical framework, examining how individuals flourish in society. He described humans as politikon zoon (political animals), inherently suited for life in organized communities. Aristotle’s political theory is grounded in naturalism, starting with the family unit and scaling up to villages and city-states (poleis).

Unlike Plato’s utopian vision in the Republic, Aristotle’s approach is empirical and pragmatic, focusing on what is attainable based on human nature and societal needs. His political philosophy influenced subsequent ideas about governance, including the Declaration of Independence.

Legacy

Aristotle’s systematic and integrated approach to knowledge transformed ancient thought. While much of his work survives as lecture notes, its impact on philosophy, science, and ethics remains unparalleled. His vision of a rational, purposeful universe continues to inspire inquiry into the nature of reality and the human condition.

Stoicism

Stoicism

Introduction to Stoicism

We now arrive at lecture five, exploring Stoicism as the final stop in our philosophical journey through ancient thought. Previously, we studied the Ionian and Eleatic schools, and then the classical age of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Now, we move into the 4th century BCE, a time marked by significant geopolitical changes, notably the conquests of Alexander the Great.

The Historical Context

Alexander’s sweeping military conquests reshaped the Mediterranean world, creating a cosmopolitan environment that influenced emerging philosophical schools. The division between nomos (law or convention) and physis (nature) became more complex, reflecting a broader, universalist perspective.

The Foundations of Stoicism

Zeno of Citium and the Stoa Poikile

Stoicism was founded by Zeno of Citium around 300 BCE. Zeno began his philosophical journey in Athens after a shipwreck brought him to the city in 312 BCE. Inspired by Xenophon’s Memorabilia and Socratic thought, Zeno became a student of Crates of Thebes, a prominent Cynic philosopher.

  • The Painted Colonnade: Zeno established his school in the Stoa Poikile (Painted Colonnade) in Athens, which gave Stoicism its name.
  • Influence of Cynicism: Zeno adopted Cynicism’s emphasis on living according to nature but tempered its radical rejection of social norms.

Core Divisions of Stoicism

Stoicism encompasses three main areas:

  1. Logic: Encompasses perception, language, rhetoric, and the laws of thought.
  2. Physics: The study of nature, matter, the cosmos, and theology.
  3. Ethics: Focuses on the good life and moral philosophy.

“To fortune, I oppose courage; to convention, I oppose nature; and to passion, I oppose reason.” — Diogenes

Stoicism as a Philosophy of Life

For the Stoics, philosophy was not merely theoretical but a guide to living. Central tenets include:

  • Conforming reason to nature.
  • Cultivating inner resilience against external circumstances.
  • Viewing the cosmos as a rational, ordered whole infused with logos (divine reason).

Key Concepts in Stoic Philosophy

Logos and Universal Reason

Stoicism is a materialist philosophy, yet it integrates a divine principle:

  • Logos: The rational order pervading the cosmos, sometimes identified with God or Zeus.
  • Pantheism: The belief that God and nature are one.

“It is not events that disturb us, but our judgments about events.” — Epictetus

Determinism and Freedom

Stoicism embraces determinism while maintaining a unique view of freedom:

  • The world is a causally determined network.
  • Human freedom lies in aligning one’s will with the rational order of the universe.
  • Compatibilism: The belief that determinism and free will can coexist.

Four Causes and Teleology

Borrowing from Aristotelian thought, the Stoics believed in a teleological view of nature:

  • Material Cause: The substance of a thing.
  • Formal Cause: The blueprint or essence.
  • Efficient Cause: The process or action.
  • Final Cause: The purpose or end goal.

Emotions and Reason

Stoics viewed emotions as false judgments and sought to cultivate rational detachment:

  • Emotions are disturbances that arise from incorrect evaluations of the world.
  • The Stoic ideal is apatheia (freedom from passion), achieved through reason.

Ethical Universalism

Stoicism introduced the concept of universal human worth:

  • All humans share a divine spark of logos.
  • This led to early ideas of cosmopolitanism and the moral equality of all people.

“I am a citizen of the world.” — Diogenes

Prominent Figures in Stoicism

Early Stoics

  • Zeno of Citium: Founder of Stoicism, blending Cynic principles with a more structured ethical framework.
  • Cleanthes: Zeno’s successor, who wrote the influential Hymn to Zeus.
  • Chrysippus: Systematized Stoic philosophy and contributed significantly to its logical and ethical doctrines.

Roman Stoics

  • Cicero: A 1st-century BCE statesman who popularized Stoicism in Rome.
  • Seneca: A philosopher and advisor to Emperor Nero, known for his essays and letters.
  • Epictetus: A former slave whose Discourses and Enchiridion remain key texts.
  • Marcus Aurelius: The philosopher-emperor whose Meditations offer a personal reflection on Stoic principles.

Stoicism’s Legacy

Influence on Roman Culture

Stoicism gained prominence in Rome due to its practical ethical guidance during turbulent times:

  • Emphasized resilience and inner tranquility.
  • Provided a moral framework for governance and personal conduct.

Modern Relevance

Stoic principles have influenced contemporary practices:

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Draws on Stoic ideas about managing emotions through rational evaluation.
  • Self-Help and Leadership: Stoic wisdom is often cited for personal development and resilience.

Enduring Ideas

  • The interconnectedness of all life.
  • The importance of living in harmony with nature.
  • The cultivation of virtues as a path to flourishing.

“Waste no more time arguing what a good man should be. Be one.” — Marcus Aurelius

Conclusion

Stoicism remains one of the most influential schools of ancient philosophy. Its emphasis on rationality, resilience, and ethical living continues to resonate in modern times. As you explore Stoicism further, reflect on its core principles and consider how they might guide your own life.

Epicureanism

Epicureanism

Epicureanism, a philosophy founded by Epicurus, offers a distinctive perspective on metaphysics, ethics, and human existence. Born on the island of Samos, Epicurus developed his ideas in stark contrast to the mathematical and mystical approaches of Pythagoras. Instead of seeking patterns through numbers, Epicureanism focused on material reality and human contentment.

Foundations: Atomism and Material Reality

The Atomist Tradition

Epicurus built upon the ideas of Democritus and Leucippus, founders of atomism. At its core:

  • Atoms: Derived from the Greek “atomos” (indivisible), atoms were the basic building blocks of reality.
  • Chance: Unlike the ordered cosmos of other philosophies, atomism embraced tyche (chance) as the force behind the organization of matter.
  • No Higher Forces: Epicureanism rejected mystical or divine interventions, emphasizing a materialist and secular worldview.

“It’s just stuff all the way down. Atoms organized by nothing at all but chance.”

This philosophy laid the groundwork for understanding the natural world through a purely material lens.

Implications for Ethics and Human Life

Ataraxia: The Goal of Peace

Epicurus’ philosophy sought to address human anxiety and fear, particularly around death and the divine. The ultimate aim was to achieve ataraxia, a state of serene tranquility.

  • Freedom from Disturbance: Ataraxia literally means the absence of disturbance. Epicureans sought to eliminate unnecessary fears, especially:
  • Fear of gods: The gods exist but do not interfere in human affairs.
  • Fear of death: Death is simply the dissolution of atoms and should not be feared.
  • Withdrawal from Public Life: Epicureans advocated for disengagement from politics and civic duties, focusing instead on personal peace.

“Don’t get involved. Withdraw. Cultivate a state of ataraxia.”

Living in Accordance with Nature

Epicurean ethics emphasized simplicity and alignment with the natural world. Key principles included:

  1. Pleasure as the Highest Good: However, not hedonism, but simple, sustainable pleasures such as friendship and intellectual pursuits.
  2. Detachment from Desires: Understanding which desires are natural and necessary versus those that are vain and excessive.
  3. The Garden as a Metaphor: Epicurus established his school in a garden, symbolizing a retreat from public life and an embrace of nature.

Religion and the Divine

Epicureanism radically redefined the role of the gods:

  • Deism Over Theism: While gods exist, they do not interact with the world.
  • Rejection of Superstition: Mystical experiences and religious practices were dismissed as inconsistent with materialist metaphysics.
  • Freedom from Sacrifice: Epicurus freed his followers from the transactional relationship with gods typical in Greek religion.

“The gods are not involved. This relieves us of the burden of religion and superstition.”

Epicurean Metaphysics: Flat and Egalitarian

The Atomic Landscape

Epicurus’ metaphysics provided a “flat” view of reality:

  • Everything is Atomic: All hierarchies and social orders are human projections.
  • Egalitarian Impulse: If reality is just atoms, then human beings are fundamentally equal.

Implications for Society

Epicurean materialism influenced views on:

  • Social Hierarchies: These were seen as transient and unnatural.
  • Human Nature: All individuals are made of the same atomic material, fostering a universal and egalitarian perspective.

Political Quietism

Epicureanism’s withdrawal from politics was a stark contrast to philosophies like Stoicism:

  • Skepticism of Civic Engagement: Political structures were seen as fragile and fleeting.
  • Focus on the Individual: True happiness comes from personal peace, not societal change.

Legacy and Influence

Lucretius and the Roman World

The Roman poet Lucretius preserved Epicurean philosophy in his masterpiece De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things), which became a cornerstone for understanding Epicureanism.

Modern Revival

Epicurean ideas resurfaced in:

  • 17th-Century Corpuscularianism: Thinkers like Hobbes adapted atomism to early modern science.
  • 19th-Century Materialism: Figures like Karl Marx engaged with Epicurean atomism in their critiques of society and history.

Consolation in Chaos

Epicureanism offers solace in a world of uncertainty:

  • Chance as a Comfort: Accepting randomness alleviates anxiety about control.
  • Skepticism of Utopianism: Epicureanism’s materialism warns against overconfidence in perfect societal designs.

Conclusion: Philosophy for the Human Condition

Epicureanism invites us to:

  • Embrace Simplicity: Happiness comes from simple pleasures and freedom from fear.
  • Focus on the Present: Live for today without anxiety about the divine or the future.
  • Pursue Peace: Find contentment through understanding and aligning with nature.

“The ultimate aim of Epicureanism is to help us live a life free from fear and filled with tranquility.”

Dante Sisofo on Light

Dante Sisofo reflects deeply on the role of light in photography and life. For him, light is not just a technical element but a metaphorical and spiritual force. As a street photographer, he emphasizes the importance of light in shaping the interplay of shadows, forms, and emotions. His transition from color to black-and-white photography underscores this focus, allowing him to distill scenes into their purest essence of light and shadow.

Sisofo likens light to truth and enlightenment, drawing inspiration from spiritual and philosophical sources. He sees it as a guiding principle that reveals the beauty of the world, even in its imperfections. Whether capturing fleeting moments on the street or contemplating the symbolic significance of light in religious and artistic contexts, Sisofo approaches it with reverence, considering it a bridge between the physical and the metaphysical.

Light is out of our control

Light Is Out of Our Control

Starting the Day with Nature

There’s something magical about beginning the day with a walk under a clear, open sky. A sky without clouds feels limitless, reminding us of the vastness of the world and all it offers. It stirs curiosity—what’s out there to explore? Even simple sights, like a bird’s nest, hold wonder.

For me, the first moments of the day are best spent surrounded by trees and the natural world. As a street photographer, always immersed in the bustle of humanity, I find peace and grounding in nature. It’s a chance to recalibrate before diving back into the chaos of the city.

Winter in Philadelphia

Winter mornings in Philadelphia are brisk. The chill bites at my hands, and my face stiffens as I speak. Yet, amidst the cold, the towering trees and the sunrise provide a quiet beauty that makes every moment worthwhile. Carrying my camera, I capture the essence of these fleeting scenes—snapshots of life’s quiet brilliance.

Photography as a Medium of Light

What captivates me most about photography is its essence: light as a medium, and the world as a canvas. After a decade of capturing images, my intrigue has distilled to the interplay of light and shadow. Transitioning to black-and-white photography has allowed me to focus solely on this fascination, stripping away distractions to hone in on the purity of light.

“A lot of photographs are happy accidents.”

As photographers, we control only so much: our position, our timing, and when we press the shutter. But the light? That’s beyond our grasp. This unpredictability is what makes street photography so exhilarating—the spontaneous nature of light and life colliding.

A Scene in Zambia

I recall a moment in Zambia while photographing children playing. One boy climbed to the top of a pole, his face catching the light in a way I couldn’t have anticipated. The interplay of light and shadow created a scene that was both unexpected and profound. These surprises—the happy accidents—are what keep me returning to photography.

“Light is out of our control, and that’s where its magic lies.”

Embracing the Uncontrollable

In life, we often seek control through lists, tasks, and routines. Photography, however, reminds me to let go and embrace curiosity and play. It’s more than documentation; it’s an engagement with the world—physically, mentally, and spiritually.

The act of photographing positions us on the front lines of life. It fosters an emotional connection to the world and reflects our essence.

“The images we create become mirrors of our soul, capturing our fleeting moments of existence.”

The Philosophy of Flux

Photography embodies impermanence. Every moment is fleeting, every scene transient. This philosophy of flux is at the heart of my approach to photography. It’s about recognizing what we can control—our intuition, our reaction—and accepting what we cannot. Much like thoughts that come unbidden, light and life unfold around us. Our role is to respond.

Creating Light in Darkness

On dark mornings, when the world feels heavy, we must create our own light. Photography is my way of doing this—a practice that brings both clarity and joy.

“It’s a constant reminder to stay curious, to remain open, and to find beauty in the unexpected.”

Create Your Own Light

Create Your Own Light

So it’s winter here in Philadelphia, and I’m currently riding the SEPTA bus to work. It’s often very dark at this time of day, but I love watching the sun peer about the horizon as I cross the bridge to Fairmount Park, dazing out towards the skyline. Has me thinking, if it’s dark outside, why not just create your own light?

Painting with Light

When I look at the world around me, I view it as a canvas, and light as my medium, to draw upon the world. Through light, we possess the ability to create a new world. This, to me, is the ultimate superpower of photography: the ability to create something from nothing, or rather, seemingly nothing, as light is what ultimately gives us this ability.

I think all these years of photographing, after a decade, my true passion, my true interest with photography, lies with light itself. I’m fascinated by the sunrise, waking up early at dawn just so that I can watch the hues and colors change across open horizons. I’m always intrigued by the result of the photographs I make, and the way a lot of the times it’s out of our control. For instance, if I’m photographing a scene, I can’t necessarily predict the end result of the photograph before I make the picture. I have a general idea of what I can make compositionally, timing the moment, etc. However, light is always changing, in flux, and out of my control.

“This to me is the ultimate game of making photos: putting order to the chaos, the unpredictability, and the spontaneous nature of life itself.”

There are certain photos that I’ve made over the years where I have a general sense that I could make a photograph somewhere. I’ll stick around for a bit, working the scene, finding beauty in the light—maybe it’s golden hour, maybe the shadows cast on the wall. However, I can’t necessarily control the light; I can only respond to what I see in front of me in a fraction of a second. A young boy playing on an empty frame can turn his face in a particular direction, and the light can illuminate his gaze. Maybe a shadow casts across his face, and all I can see are his eyes looking back. Spontaneous moments, through the change and flux of light, have always amazed me. It’s almost like a miracle when I look back at the photo and wonder, “How the hell did I even make that?” Honestly, I couldn’t tell you—a lot of the time, it’s just a happy accident.

Mind, Body, and Spirit

I find that practicing street photography daily activates the mind, body, and spirit unlike any other artistic practice that I’ve been able to find in my lifetime. Firstly, photography requires the artist to experience life in open spaces, in the real world, on the frontlines of life. Not only are you there physically, but you become emotionally close to the subject that you’re working with—the things that you’re photographing, the places that you experience.

“This connection, both physical and mental, transcends the simple act of making a photograph into a spiritual experience.”

How? I believe that the photographs I make are merely a reflection of my spirit, my lust for life, my soul. When I make a photograph of something, I was there. I was present when I pressed the shutter—physically, mentally, and spiritually.

Just Let Life Flow

When I’m on the street, I like to walk at a very slow pace and just let life flow towards me. The only thing that I’m responsible for is being present and responding to my intuition. Everything else? It’s pretty much out of my control. I can’t control the streets, the light, or the moments that are fleeting. Recognizing what’s in our control is so important.

For instance, are we in control of our thoughts? I think a lot of thoughts just come to us randomly, spontaneously, and the only thing we’re responsible for is how we deal with our thoughts—how we respond to them. You can apply this to pretty much everything in life, as most of it is out of our control. We’re merely responsible for how we respond to it all.

What Is Your Rhythm in Life?

I think that I’m very chaotic. I’m very spontaneous. I don’t like to make plans or set any destinations. I kind of just follow my whims most of the time, if I’m being honest. I have control, but I can’t help myself but to embrace chaos openly. I don’t think that this is necessarily a good thing all the time, but it’s definitely put me into a lot of interesting situations.

“I like to just laugh in the face of chaos.”

What Are Your Guiding Principles?

I know that deep down I’m trying to strive for excellence, to become the best version of myself that I can possibly be—the best artist, photographer that I could ever be. I’ve always wanted to be the best, but I recognize this as a fatal flaw. It’s quite impossible, really.

“By striving for excellence, but recognizing that I’m merely a student and amateur forever, that’s how I like to go forward.”

Basically, I’m striving upwards, but I recognize that I’m bound by gravity.

What Happens When Man No Longer Needs Society?

Clearly, I love society, humanity, and city life, generally. I absolutely love being around other people and think that it’s important to have society and community in order to thrive as a human. However, I do recognize that it’s possible to live on your own, sort of like a wild, untamed beast. You don’t really “need” society in order to survive, but maybe you need it to thrive?

How Far Can You Walk in a Day?

Movement is godlike. Through the act of making a photograph, you transcend time. Walking and photography go hand in hand. Adventure is in my blood. If you’re ever wondering where I am, I’m always moving, walking, photographing, and never sitting still. The only time I stop moving my body is when I go to sleep and eat.

What Is Your Duty?

I can only really speak as a man because obviously, I am one, and that is that it is my duty to be strong. I think the role of a man is to simply be a rock, undisturbed, unburdened by external circumstances.

“I actually think that all evil stems from weakness, specifically weak men.”

I think weak men—men with very low testosterone, men that are weak of the body and mind—are probably the biggest threats to humanity.

Curiosity, Courage, and Power

Without curiosity, would you ever want to get out of bed, go outside, and see the world? Without courage, how would you face strangers, interact with society, or try something new? In order to cultivate curiosity and courage, I believe it derives through power, energy, and force. It’s actually quite simple—you just gotta move.

“A lot of people are looking for inspiration or motivation to get going, to start something, when it all simply derives from your two legs: standing upright and moving your physical body.”

Who Cares What Others Think?

It’s my belief that a lot of people are in fear of the judgment of others. This holds a lot of people back, myself included at one point. I was always afraid to just speak my mind or be myself, especially online and in YouTube videos. I would always just share my POV practicing street photography because people could judge me based on the merits of my work, and not who I am authentically.

Now, I am the niche. Whatever I’m interested in, I’ll create around those interests. Everything I do, I do without the need for external validation at this point. I don’t need your money, your views, your appreciation, etc. I just need curiosity and the will to create.

Personally, I’ve come to the conclusion that all of these online communities are just fake. By disabling likes and comments, and just sharing my perspective, my thoughts, my life, what I’m doing, I’ve been liberated and allowed to become my authentic self through the act of creation and not filtering anything.

“I highly encourage those that feel shy or timid, but want to create to just put yourself out there, disable the likes, the comments, and just create things because you enjoy it.”

I feel extremely liberated knowing that whatever I create, say, or do is coming from a place of authenticity without the fear of judgment. At this point, I don’t give a fuck what anybody thinks about me.

Scroll to Top