Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) was a towering figure in German literature, philosophy, and science. He is best known as a poet, playwright, novelist, and statesman, but his influence extends far beyond these fields into areas such as natural science, art theory, and politics. Goethe is often regarded as one of the greatest writers in the German language and one of the most important figures in Western literature.

Early Life and Education

Goethe was born in Frankfurt am Main, in what is now Germany. He showed an early interest in literature and the arts, and his family encouraged his education in various subjects, including law, which he studied at the universities of Leipzig and Strasbourg. His legal studies, however, were secondary to his literary ambitions.

Literary Career

Goethe’s literary career began in earnest with the publication of “The Sorrows of Young Werther” (Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) in 1774. This novel, which tells the story of a young man’s unrequited love and eventual suicide, became an international sensation and made Goethe famous throughout Europe. It is often associated with the Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) movement, which emphasized emotional extremes and individualism.

Goethe’s masterpiece is undoubtedly “Faust,” a tragic play in two parts. Part I, published in 1808, and Part II, published posthumously in 1832, together tell the story of Dr. Faust, a scholar who makes a pact with the devil (Mephistopheles) in his quest for unlimited knowledge and worldly pleasures. The play explores deep philosophical and moral questions, including the nature of human desire, the limits of knowledge, and the struggle between good and evil.

Besides “Faust,” Goethe wrote a vast range of other works, including plays like “Egmont” and “Iphigenia in Tauris,” the novel “Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship,” and numerous lyric poems. His poetry, including collections like “West-Eastern Divan” (West-östlicher Divan), reflects his broad interests, ranging from personal reflection to philosophical and spiritual themes.

Weimar Classicism and Friendship with Schiller

Goethe spent much of his life in Weimar, where he held various government positions, including working as a theater director. During this time, he formed a close friendship with Friedrich Schiller, another giant of German literature. Their collaboration and mutual influence were central to the development of Weimar Classicism, a movement that sought to synthesize the ideals of ancient Greek and Roman art with modern sensibilities. Their correspondence and shared projects greatly enriched German literature.

Scientific Contributions

Goethe was also a passionate scientist. His most notable scientific work is “Theory of Colors” (Zur Farbenlehre), in which he proposed a different approach to understanding color than Isaac Newton’s. Goethe’s theory focused on the subjective experience of color and the interplay between light and dark, though it was not widely accepted by the scientific community. He also made contributions to botany, anatomy, and geology, and his work in these areas reflects his holistic and philosophical approach to nature.

Later Life and Legacy

In his later years, Goethe continued to write and reflect on a wide range of topics. He completed the second part of “Faust,” which is more allegorical and philosophical than the first. He also wrote his autobiography, “Poetry and Truth” (Dichtung und Wahrheit), which provides insight into his early life and development as an artist.

Goethe’s influence extends beyond literature. His ideas about nature, art, and the human condition have had a lasting impact on philosophy, especially philosophy, psychology, and the arts.

1. Philosophy:
   Goethe’s thoughts on nature, human experience, and aesthetics influenced many philosophers, including Friedrich Nietzsche, who admired Goethe’s exploration of life’s complexities and his affirmation of life’s inherent value. Goethe’s idea of Weltliteratur (world literature) suggested that literature transcends national boundaries, a concept that has resonated in modern globalized literary studies.
2. Psychology:
   Goethe’s work on colors and his insights into human perception and emotions had an impact on the emerging field of psychology. His exploration of the symbolic and emotional significance of colors contributed to later studies in color psychology and the emotional responses triggered by different colors.
3. The Arts:
   Goethe’s theories on color, especially his understanding of the interplay between light, darkness, and human perception, profoundly influenced artists. His ideas helped shape the use of color in Romantic and Impressionist art, where emotional expression and the subjective experience of color became central. Artists like J.M.W. Turner and Wassily Kandinsky were influenced by Goethe’s work, and his ideas continue to be relevant in discussions about color theory in art.
4. Literature:
   Goethe’s literary works, especially Faust, have been a source of inspiration for countless writers, composers, and thinkers. The themes in Faust—such as the quest for knowledge, the nature of good and evil, and the human struggle for meaning—have made it a timeless piece that continues to be studied and adapted in various forms, including opera, theater, and film.
5. Science:
   Although Goethe’s scientific ideas, particularly his color theory, were not widely accepted in his time, they have been revisited in more recent times as an alternative perspective on color perception. His holistic approach to science, emphasizing observation and experience over mathematical abstraction, has found resonance in certain modern scientific discourses that value interdisciplinary and qualitative approaches.

Goethe’s intellectual versatility and his ability to bridge the arts and sciences make him a unique figure in Western intellectual history. His works continue to be read, studied, and admired for their depth, insight, and the way they address the fundamental questions of human existence.

Friedrich Schiller’s concept of the sublime is an important aspect of his aesthetic philosophy. In his essays, particularly “On the Sublime” (Über das Erhabene), Schiller explores the idea that the sublime arises from a human confrontation with the infinite or the overwhelming, leading to a sense of awe and respect.

Key Elements of Schiller’s Concept of the Sublime:

1. Dual Nature of the Sublime: Schiller distinguished between the pathetic sublime and the dynamic sublime. The pathetic sublime is connected to emotions, such as the feeling of overwhelming sorrow or joy, while the dynamic sublime relates to the overwhelming power of nature or the cosmos, such as in a storm or the vastness of the universe.
2. The Role of Reason and Freedom: For Schiller, the experience of the sublime is tied to the elevation of human reason and moral freedom. When confronted with something vast or terrifying, like a powerful storm or the idea of death, individuals might feel physically small or insignificant. However, through the power of reason, they can transcend this feeling by recognizing their capacity to understand and reflect on these forces. This reflection leads to a sense of moral elevation, where the human spirit asserts its freedom over nature.
3. Moral and Aesthetic Dimensions: Schiller saw the sublime not just as an aesthetic experience but as a moral one as well. The encounter with the sublime challenges us to rise above our fears and instincts, and in doing so, we experience a sense of moral victory. This is why he considered the sublime to be closely related to ideas of human dignity and freedom.
4. The Sublime vs. the Beautiful: Schiller also contrasted the sublime with the beautiful. While beauty is harmonious, pleasing, and associated with pleasure, the sublime is more about tension, conflict, and an eventual resolution that leads to a feeling of liberation. The sublime can be both terrifying and exhilarating, as it involves the recognition of something greater than oneself, yet also a triumph of the human spirit over that fear or awe.
5. The Educational Role of the Sublime: Schiller believed that exposure to the sublime could have an educational effect, helping individuals to develop moral and intellectual strength. By experiencing the sublime, people learn to master their fears and emotions, and this mastery contributes to their overall moral development.

In summary, Schiller’s concept of the sublime is about the human capacity to confront, comprehend, and ultimately transcend the overwhelming forces of nature or emotion through reason and moral strength. This experience leads to a profound sense of freedom and dignity, making the sublime a key component in Schiller’s understanding of human potential and aesthetic experience.

Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805) was a German poet, philosopher, physician, historian, and playwright. He is considered one of the most important figures in German literature and philosophy, particularly in the context of the Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) movement and German Classicism.

Schiller’s works are known for their exploration of themes like freedom, the nature of beauty, morality, and the conflict between the individual and society. Some of his most famous plays include “The Robbers” (Die Räuber), “William Tell” (Wilhelm Tell), “Mary Stuart” (Maria Stuart), and “Don Carlos.” He also wrote a number of significant essays on aesthetics and moral philosophy, and his concept of the “sublime” has had a lasting influence.

In addition to his dramatic works, Schiller was a prolific poet. One of his most famous poems, “Ode to Joy” (An die Freude), was later set to music by Ludwig van Beethoven in the final movement of his Ninth Symphony, making it one of the most well-known pieces of classical music.

Schiller’s collaboration with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, another giant of German literature, is also notable. The two shared a deep friendship and influenced each other’s work, contributing significantly to the Weimar Classicism movement.

Schiller’s legacy continues to be felt in literature, philosophy, and music, and he is celebrated as a champion of human dignity, freedom, and the pursuit of idealism.

Greek excellence, often referred to as “areté” in ancient Greek culture, is a concept that embodies the pursuit of virtue, moral integrity, and the fulfillment of one’s potential. It represents the ideal of living up to one’s full potential and excelling in various aspects of life, whether in physical prowess, intellectual achievements, or moral character. Areté is not merely about success or skill; it is about embodying the highest qualities that make one truly human.

Key Aspects of Greek Excellence:

1. Virtue and Moral Character:

• Areté is closely tied to the idea of virtue. In Greek thought, particularly in the works of philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, excellence involves living a virtuous life. This means adhering to principles of justice, courage, temperance, and wisdom. A person who achieves areté is one who acts morally and justly in all aspects of life.

1. Fulfillment of Potential:

• Areté is also about fulfilling one’s potential. The Greeks believed that every individual had a specific nature or essence, and achieving excellence meant realizing and actualizing that nature fully. For a warrior, this might mean being the bravest in battle; for a philosopher, it might mean the pursuit of wisdom and knowledge.

1. Physical and Intellectual Prowess:

• In Greek society, excellence was not limited to moral virtue but extended to physical and intellectual achievements. Athletes striving for victory in the Olympic Games, soldiers displaying bravery in battle, and orators mastering the art of speech were all seen as embodying areté. The Greeks admired those who could excel in both mind and body.

1. Social Responsibility:

• Areté also carried a sense of social responsibility. Achieving excellence was not just for personal glory but for the betterment of the community. Leaders were expected to display areté by making wise and just decisions, artists by creating works that elevated the spirit, and citizens by contributing to the common good.

1. Role of the Gods:

• In Greek mythology, the gods often played a role in determining a person’s areté. Heroes like Achilles, Odysseus, and Hercules were seen as possessing divine qualities that set them apart, but they were also expected to use these gifts responsibly. Hubris, or excessive pride, was seen as a violation of areté, leading to downfall, as in the case of figures like Icarus or Oedipus.

Modern Interpretations:

In modern times, Greek excellence or areté has influenced Western thought, particularly in discussions about ethics, leadership, and education. The idea that one should strive to be the best version of oneself, not just for personal gain but for the greater good, remains a powerful ideal. The balance between individual achievement and social responsibility continues to be a key theme in discussions of what it means to live a good and meaningful life.

Greek excellence is thus a timeless concept, encouraging individuals to pursue the highest standards of behavior, knowledge, and achievement in their lives.

We Are the Extraordinary

Why settle for good enough?

In this modern world, we have the option to settle, to conform, to be a good boy, to work hard, and to be kind. We’re constantly being taught that equity of outcome is the solution to our problems. What if equality promoted mediocrity and was actually not a virtuous path after all? It seems that to be a pleaser, to fit in line, to abide by others, is the virtuous path. Let’s strive for greatness, to become extraordinary, to go beyond the mediocrity that modernity preaches.

As photographers, we possess the ability to transcend the mundane and connect with the eternal now. We turn the ordinary into extraordinary with a click of a shutter.

You can create a new world in a fraction of a second.

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Natural vs Artificial

Fake food, fake people?

The average person drinks at least one Coca-Cola per day. Most people eat breakfast, lunch, and dinner. During lunch breaks, people smoke cigarettes, go to salad bars, and spend the maximum amount of time during the day indoors. Artificial food and artificial environments will inevitably create and breed a generation of artificial people. Think more critically about the things that we consume, the things that we do, and the places that we inhabit. To become extraordinary, we must avoid these unnatural, artificial spaces, foods, and people, like the plague.

Have you ever interacted with these people or overheard the conversations that occur after an office meeting? Every Friday, when I pass by a bar, I hear people moaning about their coworkers, gossiping, and complaining over a shared cup of poison, as they go into the weekend to finally feel freedom. We are modern slaves—slaves to our vices, slaves to our minds, slaves to other people, and slaves to our body’s desires and whims.

Silence is golden and pure bliss. When you tune out the noise and find yourself connected with nature by walking on an empty path, a dirt path, surrounded by trees and natural things, you finally have the ability to turn inward, to your soul, to yourself. When you strip away the noise of modern life, the distractions, and other people, you become in tune with your mind and your body, slowing down, and reconnecting with your true needs under the sunlight. There are infinite novel experiences to have in nature. By simply watching the birds in flight, leaves wiggle in the wind under a tapestry of trees, the way weeds grow, and flowers bloom, we become extraordinary, transcending the monotonous routine of modern life.

Every day, when I come home from the park and walk the streets with my camera, I see the same office worker smoking in the same spot every day during their break.

People who smoke cigarettes hate their lives.

I also see the same people, with their AirPods and sunglasses on, coming out of the same office every single day.

We city dwellers don’t even cook our own food anymore. They’re often accompanied by a salad bowl in the right hand, or with some perfectly prepackaged artificial meal with a soda ready to be consumed when they get home. I think the worst foods that we can possibly consume are sodas, artificial sweeteners, and any strange drinks. I think of soda as the “slow kill,” something that will eventually lead to your decline, like a dose of poison each day, slowly creeping you closer and closer to your inevitable death.

Why does everybody wear AirPods and look the same?

Perhaps modern trends, whether fashion or technological, promote mediocrity, antisocial behavior, and conformity among the masses. My thought is that these artificial environments that we dwell in throughout the day indoors contribute to a life of mediocrity and conformity. Modern lifestyle is slowly killing our soul, our vitality, and our vigor.

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You are a Human Battery

Our body is a battery, and the sun is the charger. Our nervous system, heart, brain, and muscles are the circuits through which electricity flows, running and sustaining all our vital functions.

If you think this way about your body, wouldn’t it make the most sense to treat it wisely, leading with vitality?

Modern life puts you in a box, both physically and metaphorically. These boxes are weakening our physical bodies. Humans are meant to be grazing in open spaces, like free-range chickens, not zoo animals locked inside a cage. Personally, anytime I’m spending on my butt, sitting down during the day, I can feel my battery slowly begin to drain. This is why I don’t sit down when I read these days and walk around a nature path while reading out loud, or stand up surrounded by trees. It’s astonishing how we’ve all agreed upon this lifestyle of being inside, sitting down for 90% of the day. This inevitably leads to decay, the decline of the physical body. The decline of the physical body inevitably leads to the decline of the spiritual, mental, and emotional needs that a human must be met with. If we lead with strength and resilience, even if the path may be difficult or more challenging, our lives become high-quality, or extraordinary.

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Victory or Nothing

I came, I saw, I conquered. This is our new motto.

Veni, vidi, vici. – Julius Caesar

As photographers, when you’re on the streets, you’re not just photographing, you’re conquering. Let’s conquer a new realm, the realm of photography and art. I’m not here to be basic, and to make the same thing as everybody else. I’m here to conquer photography, to become the best that I can possibly be. If you’re not striving to become the best or great, then why even try?

A street photographer must conquer their fears of confrontation and interaction within the public space. I believe street photography requires the most audacity and courage out of any medium of art. This is due to the physical nature of photographing other people on the front lines of life. If you’re fearful when on the streets, overcome that fear through purposeful engagement with other people. Stop thinking, and just shoot. Maybe go up to that stranger and spark up a conversation. What’s the worst that could happen?

Don’t just be an observer, become a conqueror.

When I travel to a new location, especially when I go abroad, I seek to conquer those places, those streets, those alleys, and mountains. It’s victory or nothing. Take a risk.

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What Do You Value?

In modernity, I believe we’ve adopted a slave mentality. I recently finished reading The Genealogy of Morals by Friedrich Nietzsche, where he discusses the origins of this mentality, particularly through the concept of ‘master-slave morality.’ In the book, he argues that we’ve transitioned our values from strength and power to that of oppression and resentfulness. We prioritize obedience and self-denial over assertiveness and self-affirmation.

I’m reminded of my time working from home during the pandemic. You’re threatened with disapproval by the boss if you don’t “meet the quota” or “the deadline” or “hit those numbers!” I remember working overtime, beyond the typical hours, practically sacrificing the entire day, from around 8 AM to sometimes 9 or 10 PM. I think this is the biggest problem with most modern jobs and work in general, the fact that you sacrifice all of your time, denying yourself, as an obedient worker, a busy bee, a slave.

Also, how is it possible to lead with candor these days, in a life where kindness is our ultimate virtue? While I understand the importance of kindness, I think we should be speaking the truth more, despite how it will make other people feel. The problem is, the truth can hurt. If a loved one is eating themselves to death, are you permitted to tell them to stop, to tell them that they are a slave to these devices, that they are killing themselves? Can I be this blunt? Or should I lead with kindness, telling them that it’s OK, that body positivity is the new norm, that you were just “born this way?” When it comes to life or death, maybe we shouldn’t be kind; maybe we should become more like a tyrant, telling people how it is when it comes to those close to you in life. I’m starting to think otherwise. With strangers, maybe we should opt for silence and just let other people be degenerates?

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Overcome Yourself

If you’re bored, good. Revel in the boredom, and find new ways to embrace life’s complexities. There are infinite ways that you can embrace boredom through creativity, or even intellectual pursuits, like reading. If you’re bored, it’s perfect for you to finally sit with yourself, to turn inward, to learn and to know thyself. Through boredom, and silence, you come to realize who you are, like you’re reaching into the heavens, grabbing fire from the gods, seeking higher knowledge, bringing it down to earth, with the ability to destroy and to create anew.

Through boredom, I believe we can enhance our curiosity. I encourage you to hone in on curiosity, engaging with it, cultivating it, finding new ways to play the same game every single day. The new goal, the new sign of success, is increasing your curiosity by one percent each day.

Become Equanimous

Master yourself, both your mind and your body. Align with nature, and the highest version of yourself. One simple suggestion is to get a 40lb plate carrier from Rogue, and go for a walk every morning for one hour while wearing barefoot shoes. Think of it like putting on your armor in the morning, and going for a march. Through daily physical training, we become equanimous, calm, and undisturbed by the external world. By hardening your physical body, strengthening your posture, your feet, your legs, you also fortify your mind. There are no more frontiers for men to conquer, but perhaps we can conquer the streets, our bodies, and art.

Transcend the mundane routine, the monotony of modern life, and strive for excellence. Become the change you wish to see in the world. Become extraordinary.

DANTE

The Pavilion in the Trees is a unique architectural feature located in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. This structure is nestled within the trees, offering visitors a tranquil retreat surrounded by nature. Designed by Martin Puryear, a renowned American sculptor, the Pavilion was completed in 1993 as part of the Form and Function in the Garden exhibition. The design reflects Puryear’s interest in organic forms and the blending of art with nature.

The Pavilion in the Trees is made primarily of wood and is elevated above the ground, supported by stilts that give it a treehouse-like appearance. Its location within the canopy of trees provides visitors with a sense of immersion in the natural environment, making it a popular spot for contemplation, quiet reflection, and enjoying the beauty of Fairmount Park.

The structure’s open-air design allows for a harmonious integration with the surrounding forest, letting in dappled sunlight and offering views of the park from a higher vantage point. The Pavilion in the Trees is not only a piece of art but also a space for community gatherings, yoga sessions, and other activities that celebrate the connection between art, architecture, and nature.

Thales of Miletus, often regarded as the first pre-Socratic philosopher, was a seminal figure in ancient Greek philosophy. Born around 624 BCE in the city of Miletus in Ionia (modern-day Turkey), Thales is considered one of the Seven Sages of Greece and is credited with laying the foundations for Western philosophy and science.

Key Contributions and Philosophical Ideas:

1. Material Monism: Thales is best known for his belief that water is the fundamental substance (or archê) underlying all matter. He proposed that everything in the universe is composed of water in various forms, and that water is the primary principle that gives rise to all things. This idea marks the beginning of material monism, the belief that a single substance or element constitutes the essence of the universe.
2. Naturalistic Explanations: Thales sought to explain natural phenomena without resorting to mythology or divine intervention. He is considered one of the first thinkers to apply rational thought to understand the world, paving the way for scientific inquiry.
3. Astronomy and Mathematics: Thales made significant contributions to astronomy and mathematics. He is credited with predicting a solar eclipse in 585 BCE and developing several geometric principles, such as Thales’ Theorem, which states that if a triangle is inscribed in a circle and one side of the triangle is the diameter, then the angle opposite the diameter is a right angle.

Notable Quotes Attributed to Thales:

Although many of Thales’ works have not survived and some of his ideas come to us through later philosophers like Aristotle, here are a few quotes attributed to him:

1. “The most difficult thing in life is to know yourself.”

• This quote reflects Thales’ emphasis on self-awareness and introspection, a theme that would become central to later philosophical traditions, particularly in Socratic and Platonic thought.

1. “Hope is the only good that is common to all men; those who have nothing else possess hope still.”

• Thales here touches on the enduring human capacity for hope, even in the direst circumstances.

1. “Time is the wisest of all things that are; for it brings everything to light.”

• This quote highlights the concept of time as a revealer of truth, wisdom, and the nature of all things.

1. “What is the divine? That which has neither beginning nor end.”

• Thales’ contemplation of the divine shows his early engagement with metaphysical questions about the eternal and the infinite.

Legacy:

Thales’ work laid the groundwork for subsequent philosophers such as Anaximander and Anaximenes, who further developed the idea of a primary substance. His emphasis on rational inquiry and naturalistic explanations would profoundly influence later philosophical traditions, particularly those of the Milesian school and eventually the entirety of Western philosophy.

Thales’ legacy is not only philosophical but also mathematical and scientific, as his efforts to understand the world through reason and observation have inspired countless thinkers throughout history.

The word “epistemology” comes from the Greek words “epistēmē” (ἐπιστήμη) meaning “knowledge” or “science” and “logos” (λόγος) meaning “study” or “discourse.” Thus, epistemology literally translates to “the study of knowledge.”

The term was first coined in the 19th century, and it refers to the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, scope, and limits of human knowledge.

Religion VS Reason

The word “metaphysics” has its origins in Ancient Greek. It is derived from the Greek words “meta-” (μετά) meaning “after” or “beyond,” and “physika” (φυσικά), which means “the physical” or “nature.”

The term was coined by early scholars to describe the works of Aristotle that came after his “Physics” in the traditional ordering of his writings. Aristotle’s “Metaphysics” dealt with questions beyond the physical sciences, concerning the fundamental nature of reality, existence, and the principles of being. Therefore, “metaphysics” literally means “what comes after the physics” and has come to refer to the branch of philosophy that explores the nature of reality, existence, and the relationship between mind and matter.

Friedrich Nietzsche’s essay “How the ‘True World’ Finally Became a Fable: The History of an Error” from Twilight of the Idols traces the evolution of the concept of “truth” and its eventual decline. Nietzsche presents a brief history in six stages, illustrating how the idea of a “true world”—a reality that is perfect, unchanging, and exists beyond our sensory experiences—has been progressively deconstructed and ultimately rendered meaningless.

1. The Platonic Stage: The idea of a “true world” begins with Plato, who posited a realm of perfect forms or ideas that represent the true essence of things. The material world is seen as an imperfect reflection of this higher, true reality.
2. Christian Adaptation: Early Christianity adopted and adapted Plato’s concept, merging it with religious ideas. The “true world” became synonymous with the Kingdom of God or Heaven—a place of ultimate truth and perfection accessible only after death.
3. Kantian Critique: Immanuel Kant challenged the notion that humans can have direct knowledge of the “true world.” He argued that our understanding is limited to phenomena—how things appear to us—while the “true world” (the noumenal world) is unknowable.
4. Skeptical Doubt: With increasing skepticism, the belief in the “true world” begins to wane. Philosophers start to question whether this “true world” is even necessary, seeing it as an invention rather than a reality.
5. Nihilistic Rejection: The idea of a “true world” is finally abandoned as a relic of a bygone era. It is recognized as a fable, a construct that no longer holds any meaning or value in a world focused on the here and now.
6. Embrace of the Earthly World: In the final stage, the “true world” is entirely rejected, and attention is turned back to the actual, tangible world we live in. This marks the end of the illusion and a return to life as it is, without the need for metaphysical consolations.

Nietzsche’s critique exposes the gradual dismantling of the “true world” concept as humanity moves toward a more grounded, realistic perspective, recognizing the fable for what it is—a comforting but ultimately false narrative.

The phrase you’re referencing comes from the Bible, specifically from the book of Matthew 24:42 (King James Version). The full verse reads:

“Watch therefore: for ye know not what hour your Lord doth come.”

This passage is a part of Jesus’ discourse about the end times, where He emphasizes the importance of being vigilant and prepared, as the exact time of His return is unknown. It’s a reminder to live with awareness and readiness for spiritual matters.

PRIDE

• Dante encounters OJ on Chestnut Street, where they engage in a spontaneous workout challenge, using the urban environment as their gym.
• Emphasizes the idea of treating the world as a canvas, where individuals become both the artist and the artwork, embodying vitality and vigor.

Time as Currency

• Critiques modern society’s obsession with time, arguing that it has become the most valuable currency.
• Contrasts the time spent by hunter-gatherers on necessities with the long work hours in modern society, which negatively impact family and personal well-being.

The Weapons of Mass Distraction

• Highlights the iPhone as a modern “weapon of mass distraction,” likening it to the SOMA drug from Brave New World.
• Observes how technology, particularly in the hands of children, disconnects people from reality and authentic human interaction, raising concerns about future generations.

Money as Language

• Discusses how money, like language, is a medium of exchange that reflects personal values.
• Criticizes the government’s ability to print money endlessly, funding wars and perpetuating societal values of violence and conflict.

Curiosity, Chaos, and the Flow State

• Advocates for cultivating curiosity daily as a true measure of success, rather than material achievements.
• Describes how embracing curiosity and the chaos of urban life can lead to a flow state of creativity and fulfillment.

Ancient World, Modern Life

• Reflects on Heraclitus’ quote about the exceptional individual and connects it to Diogenes’ search for free souls in Athens.
• Critiques modern society’s reliance on external forces like social media, advocating for turning within to achieve true freedom.

Control and Hubris

• Explores the natural human feelings of lust, greed, and attachment, emphasizing the need to tame these emotions to avoid hubris.
• Uses the example of Achilles’ fatal flaw of rage to illustrate the dangers of excessive pride and its destructive consequences.

Become Recalcitrant

• Encourages embracing natural human instincts and resisting societal pressures to conform.
• Urges readers to “become recalcitrant” by kicking back against these pressures, striving for greatness, and reclaiming their vitality and strength.

The scene depicted in the image is a powerful moment from The Iliad, Homer’s epic poem that chronicles the final weeks of the Trojan War. It portrays one of the most dramatic and tragic episodes of the story—the aftermath of Hector’s death at the hands of Achilles.

The Story of Achilles and Hector

Achilles, the greatest of the Greek warriors, had been withdrawn from battle for much of the Trojan War due to a dispute with Agamemnon, the leader of the Greek forces. However, the death of his close friend Patroclus at the hands of Hector, the prince of Troy and its mightiest defender, spurred Achilles back into action.

Consumed by grief and rage, Achilles sought vengeance. He re-entered the battle with a ferocity unmatched by any other warrior. Achilles was a force of nature, cutting through the Trojan army with ease until he finally confronted Hector outside the walls of Troy. The two warriors faced each other in a duel that would decide their fates. Though Hector fought bravely, he was no match for Achilles in his wrath. Achilles slew Hector, striking him down with a fatal blow.

But Achilles’ anger was not sated by Hector’s death alone. In an act of ultimate desecration and as a warning to his enemies, Achilles tied Hector’s lifeless body to the back of his chariot and dragged it through the dust around the walls of Troy. This act of dragging Hector’s body was not just a personal vendetta but a message to all who would defy him. It was meant to strip Hector of his honor in death, denying him the proper burial rites that were so sacred in ancient Greek culture.

The scene captured in the image is that moment—Achilles, standing tall in his chariot, his face etched with the cold determination of a man who has lost everything to his rage. The body of Hector, once a proud warrior and prince, now reduced to a battered form, trails behind, leaving a path in the sand.

The Aftermath

The desecration of Hector’s body horrified the Trojans and even shocked the gods. Zeus, the king of the gods, ordered that Achilles allow Hector’s body to be returned to Troy for proper funeral rites. It was Priam, Hector’s father and the king of Troy, who bravely entered the Greek camp to plead with Achilles for the return of his son’s body.

In a rare moment of compassion, Achilles was moved by Priam’s grief and agreed to return Hector’s body. This act marked a turning point in Achilles’ character, showing that even in his anger and grief, he could recognize the humanity in others.

The Symbolism

The image of Achilles dragging Hector’s body is a stark representation of the destructive power of rage and revenge. It highlights the themes of honor, mortality, and the consequences of unchecked emotions that run throughout The Iliad. Achilles, once the epitome of heroism, becomes a tragic figure, his humanity overshadowed by his wrath. Hector, though defeated, remains noble in death, a symbol of the inevitable tragedy of war.

This story, like much of Greek mythology, serves as a reflection on the complexities of human nature and the duality of strength and vulnerability. It is a reminder of the price of vengeance and the fleeting nature of glory, as well as the importance of compassion and understanding, even in the midst of conflict.

PRIDE

Yesterday, while walking down Chestnut Street, I ran into OJ, who is always working out with his shirt off. One day, he decided to challenge me, because I too, had my shirt off, it was like real recognized real, and we began doing pull-ups on the construction site nearby. He’s always out there, using the urban landscape as a concrete gym. As I saw him doing push-ups yesterday, I was walking down the street, enjoying the sun as I actively tanned and walked. As soon as I got to the corner where he was, I simply dropped to the ground and challenged him to some push-ups. He actually ended up showing me this really cool move, where you do an explosive push-up from a normal grip to a wide stance on the decline. When you’re filled with vitality and vigor, you have excess energy that you must release. When I’m on the streets, I often feel like OJ, looking at the world as a playground, a place for me to conquer the concrete. We must become our most vital selves, improvising and treating the world as our canvas, where we both become the artist and the artwork. When you walk the street, you are now a sculpture. Get like me and OJ, and become a blueprint for others to admire.

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Time as Currency

We have become slaves to time. We wake up to alarms, make sure we’re on time for work, constantly being pinged with notifications to remind us when we must arrive, and have subscribed to this artificial idea of time itself.

Have you ever heard the phrase, “spending time?”

When I consider this notion, it reminds me that time is ultimately the most valuable currency that exists in life. What are you spending your time on? What are you giving your attention to?

Think of hunters and gatherers, and how they spent just 13 hours a week gathering necessities, allowing them the time to spend the rest of the week devoted to community, storytelling, and human connection. In this modern world, however, we spend at least 40 hours per week, some even 50, 60, or 80 hours per week, focusing all of their attention, spending all of their time, working and toiling, typically for a corporation, a company, a bank, or a boss. This leads to parents working long hours, spending less time with family, impacting the growth of their children, as they now must spend their time with superficial peers. The time children spend throughout childhood this way can lead them to an identity crisis, causing depression and anxiety among the masses of young people. The impact of the way in which we spend our time can have catastrophic effects, breeding mediocrity.

The Weapons of Mass Distraction

When we went to war in Iraq, we may have never found the weapons of mass destruction, however, the weapon of mass distraction sits in your front right pocket and is the iPhone. Consider the iPhone as the SOMA drug in this Brave New World.

This past weekend, I went to a restaurant with some family. Across from our table, I noticed this phenomenon, where parents give their kids iPads at restaurants, letting them watch extremely strange videos on loop. It’s truly a shame that this is occurring at scale, and is something I’ve noticed throughout the past few years, pretty much everywhere. Even babies in strollers are now given iPads when they’re being pushed around the city. They don’t even have their heads up anymore, looking around the world, but are glued into an alternate reality on the screen itself. This is concerning because we’re essentially breeding a generation of zombie-like robots that will grow up already taking the SOMA against their will. If we disconnect from our reality and our instincts as we are being born into this world, what are the effects this will have on future generations and society in general?

Alexander the Great was taught by a private tutor, Aristotle. The impact that this teacher had on one man led him to become one of the most influential figures in all of human history, spreading Greek culture throughout his vast empire. Now, we have parents who will hardly interact with their children, let alone give them attention, mentorship, or moral guidance. Will there ever be another Aristotle, another Alexander the Great, if we are sedated by the weapons of mass distraction from here on out?

If you realize that you’re being domesticated like a dog, would you continue to obey?

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Money as Language

Like language, money becomes a medium of exchange through which we express ourselves and our values. Some people will decide to buy grass-fed beef and organic vegetables, while others will purchase cigarettes and candy. What people purchase, how people spend their money, or even how people spend their time, reveals what different people value in life. I like this idea:

Tell me what you purchase, and I will tell you who you are.

Think of the government’s ability to print money ad infinitum. This paper money funds wars in foreign nations. It’s quite obvious that modern society values war, as we keep printing our dollars, funding endless violence. Just reflect on the last century; for nearly 100 years, millions of deaths have occurred due to the central banking system’s money printer.

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Curiosity and the Flow State

Do you wake up in the morning excited for life?

I believe we should cultivate curiosity every day, and as artists, this is our ultimate aim in life. If your curiosity is increasing by one percent each day, consider yourself successful. We must redefine this notion of “success.” I find it interesting how people hope for your success, wish that you are successful with your job, etc. But these notions have nothing to do with what truly matters, such as vitality, contentment, or curiosity. Success has turned into a strange material goal to achieve that is quite meaningless.

Consider Aladdin and the Cave of Wonders. This was the famous scene where he found the genie in the bottle. However, if Aladdin decided to choose the buried treasures, he would be trapped in the cave forever. Aladdin decided to choose the omnipotent power and wisdom, choosing the genie in the bottle. Let’s be like Aladdin, and choose wisdom over gold.

Curiosity is important for me to cultivate every day, as it fuels me with excitement. However, I find meaning in the mundane and embrace boredom as a way to find myself in a blissful flow state of creativity. By walking the street aimlessly, without much direction or purpose, I’m able to reflect in words while simultaneously fueling my senses from the external world around me. I enter a Zen zone when walking slowly, as this act of movement becomes my meditation. There’s something about the chaos of urban life that fuels me and has me laughing in the face of it. I’m always out there smiling when I’m photographing because it’s just so much pure fun, observing life on the front lines. When you’re full of vitality, 99% of things in this modern world seem like a distraction, and you want to remain focused in this flow state of production. I find joy in the unpredictable nature of urban life, for spontaneity is my muse, and the street is my canvas.

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Ancient World, Modern Life

I recently read Heraclitus’ Fragments and one quote that stood out to me was in regard to mediocrity and being exceptional:

“One man is worth ten thousand if he is first-rate.”

This reminds me of Diogenes and his lantern, walking through Athens, searching for free souls. Diogenes rejected societal norms and essentially viewed most people as slaves to their possessions, social status, pleasure, and the fear of death. He viewed freedom as self-sufficiency, by becoming aligned with nature, rejecting artificial needs and constraints.

Most people in this modern world are controlled by external forces, the most obvious example being social media and the iPhone. If you’re consuming news, it’s going to ultimately impact the way that you view the world. If you’re consuming media or advertisements, it will sway you this way or that way, like a feather in the wind. However, when you turn within, and free your mind, body, and soul, you become connected with your essence. In a world of distractions and noise, we must turn off the radio static and listen to the sound of our heart beating. True freedom is found from within.

Control and Hubris

Feelings of lust, greed, and attachment are natural, but we must tame them in order to improve. I believe we should fuel ourselves with pride, but be mindful of hubris, or excessive pride and arrogance. Think of Achilles and his fatal flaw of rage. This led to his ultimate demise during the battle of Troy. Achilles became blinded by his power, allowing his emotions to dictate his actions.

One of the most vivid examples of this is when Achilles, after slaying Hector, attached his body to his chariot with a rope and dragged it through the sand. This act of desecration was meant to instill fear in his enemies, but it also highlighted the dangerous extent to which his pride and rage had consumed him. Achilles, once the epitome of heroism, allowed his hubris to cloud his judgment, leading him down a path of destruction. In the end, Hector’s brother Paris shot Achilles in the heel with an arrow, killing him in battle.

Become Recalcitrant

So let’s rise above our passions and realize the fine line between confidence and hubris. Let’s embrace pride openly and reclaim our human instinct to become great. In this modern world, we are becoming docile, weak, meek, and tamed. We should embrace our natural instincts, as this will lead to a more vigorous life. Remember your nature, and your roots as a human and hunter-gatherer. We are bipedal, stand upright, have a tall spine, and require open spaces to thrive. Don’t put yourself in a box, in a closed system, and conform to societal pressures.

Disobey and be untamable. Don’t be a domesticated dog.

re- (“back”) and calcitrare (“to kick”), which comes from calx, meaning “heel.”

Be like a stubborn horse on Achilles’ chariot, and kick back with resistance. It’s okay to be great and strive to be the best, like that of Achilles!

Plutarch was a prominent Greek philosopher, biographer, and essayist who lived during the first and second centuries AD. He was born around AD 46 in the small town of Chaeronea in the region of Boeotia, Greece, and died around AD 120. Plutarch is best known for his parallel biographies of famous Greek and Roman figures, collectively known as the Parallel Lives, and his moral essays compiled under the title Moralia.

Early Life and Education

Plutarch came from a well-to-do family that provided him with a comprehensive education in philosophy, rhetoric, and mathematics. He studied in Athens, where he became a student of the philosopher Ammonius. His education was deeply rooted in Greek tradition, but he was also heavily influenced by Roman culture and philosophy, which is reflected in his works.

Career and Influence

After completing his education, Plutarch traveled extensively throughout the Roman Empire, visiting places like Alexandria and Rome. In Rome, he became a well-known intellectual figure, giving lectures on philosophy and ethics. Although he spent much time in Rome and had a deep appreciation for Roman culture, he never lost his Greek identity, and he remained proud of his Greek heritage.

Plutarch’s philosophical outlook was heavily influenced by Platonism, and he was an advocate of practical ethics. His works reflect his belief in the importance of moral character and virtue in public and private life.

Parallel Lives

Plutarch’s most famous work is Parallel Lives, a series of biographies that compare the lives of famous Greeks and Romans, such as Alexander the Great with Julius Caesar, and Demosthenes with Cicero. These biographies are not just historical accounts but are also moral studies, emphasizing the virtues and vices of these figures. Parallel Lives became a major influence on later Western literature and philosophy, particularly during the Renaissance. Writers like Shakespeare, Montaigne, and Emerson drew heavily from Plutarch’s work.

Moralia

Another significant contribution by Plutarch is his collection of essays and speeches known as Moralia. This work encompasses a wide range of topics, including religion, ethics, politics, and literature. The Moralia provides insight into Plutarch’s thoughts on various aspects of life, offering moral guidance and philosophical reflection.

Later Life

In his later years, Plutarch returned to Chaeronea, where he served as a priest of Apollo at the Temple of Delphi. Despite his active participation in Roman public life, he remained deeply connected to his hometown and its local traditions. He also served as a magistrate in Chaeronea and played a role in its civic life.

Plutarch was married and had at least five children, some of whom he outlived. He wrote a touching essay titled “Consolation to His Wife” after the death of one of their children, which provides insight into his personal life and his stoic approach to grief.

Legacy

Plutarch’s works have had a profound and lasting impact on both classical and modern thought. His biographies in Parallel Lives are considered among the most important sources of information about the lives of notable figures from antiquity. His moral essays in Moralia continue to be studied for their ethical insights.

Plutarch’s influence extended far beyond his lifetime, shaping the intellectual landscape of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. His works were translated into many languages and have been continuously read and respected for their wisdom and insight into human nature.

Plutarch’s legacy endures as one of the most important moral philosophers and biographers of antiquity, and his works remain a significant part of Western literary and philosophical tradition.

Here’s a summary of each essay in the collection of Plutarch’s Essays that you provided:

1. On Listening – Plutarch explores the importance of being an attentive and discerning listener. He emphasizes that listening is not a passive activity but an active engagement with the speaker. He advises against jumping to conclusions or interrupting and suggests that listening carefully can lead to greater wisdom and understanding.
2. How to Distinguish a Flatterer from a Friend – This essay addresses the challenge of telling apart those who genuinely care for you from those who simply flatter you for their benefit. Plutarch offers practical advice on recognizing the subtle differences between true friendship and flattery, emphasizing that a true friend will offer constructive criticism and not just empty praise.
3. On Being Aware of Moral Progress – In this essay, Plutarch discusses the importance of self-awareness in one’s moral development. He encourages individuals to regularly reflect on their actions and progress in virtue, suggesting that such introspection is crucial for continuous moral growth.
4. Whether Military or Intellectual Exploits Have Brought Athens More Fame – Plutarch debates whether Athens gained more fame through its military conquests or its intellectual and cultural achievements. He explores both sides, weighing the enduring influence of Athens’ cultural contributions against the temporary glory of military victories.
5. On the Avoidance of Anger – Plutarch examines the destructive nature of anger and offers strategies to control and avoid it. He suggests that understanding the sources of anger, practicing patience, and maintaining a sense of proportion in one’s reactions are essential for avoiding the pitfalls of anger.
6. On Contentment – This essay is a reflection on the nature of contentment and how to achieve it. Plutarch argues that true contentment comes not from external circumstances but from an inner state of mind. He encourages the cultivation of moderation, self-sufficiency, and a focus on what one has rather than what one lacks.
7. On God’s Slowness to Punish – Plutarch discusses the divine attribute of patience and the idea that the gods are slow to punish human wrongdoing. He explores the reasons behind this slowness, suggesting that it allows for repentance and correction, ultimately leading to a more just outcome.
8. On Socrates’ Personal Deity – In this essay, Plutarch reflects on Socrates’ concept of a personal guiding spirit or daemon. He considers the implications of Socrates’ belief in this inner divine voice and how it guided his actions, representing a unique form of divine communication and personal morality.
9. In Consolation to His Wife – Written as a letter to his wife, this essay provides comfort and advice on coping with grief. Plutarch encourages her to find strength in the memory of their lost child and to see the broader perspective on life and death, suggesting that rational reflection and acceptance can ease the pain of loss.
10. On the Use of Reason by Irrational Animals – Plutarch challenges the idea that humans are the only creatures capable of reasoning. He presents examples of animal behavior that suggest they too can use reason, challenging the sharp distinction often made between humans and animals in terms of rationality.

Each essay reflects Plutarch’s deep engagement with moral and philosophical issues, offering insights that are both practical and profound.