Thriving in the Eternal Loop

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Wow. What’s popping people? It’s Dante.
Another beautiful morning. Eager and enthusiastic this morning. Getting ready for the day with my Ricoh GR.

How to Become More Enthusiastic

• Deep sleep
• Good meat
• Walking on repeat

If you consistently move your body throughout the day, in the spirit of play, you will cultivate paradise here on earth.

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The Eternal Return

I thrive in the eternal loop. If I think about this experiment of the eternal loop by Friedrich Nietzsche, this thought experiment where you return to the same day, the same feeling, the same moment eternally for the rest of your life until you die… or thinking of the metaphor of Sisyphus pushing his rock uphill just to have it endlessly roll back down…

“Once you find yourself affirming life — the toil, the pain, the joy, the lust, the greed — all of it… then you can fully embody what it means to live.”

When you affirm that eternal return, you find peace. Clarity. There’s no more escaping.

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Just Being

I’m just being. Not seeking. Not striving. Just in a state of wholeness.

Because when you’re truly present and enjoying the fleeting complexities of the moment,

“This is where the Kingdom comes down to earth.”

That’s paradise. Not elsewhere. Here.
And it becomes even more real when you apply this in a practical way — through your vocation, through your passion like photography or art.

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Nothing Can Break Your Spirit

When you pursue what you genuinely enjoy…
When you wake up with eagerness and enthusiasm…

“Nothing can break your spirit. Nothing can break your love for life.”

Recognize this: you have the power to control your destiny.
Fate? Fate might just be death itself. So why not lay out a roadmap? A path to build the life and reality you actually want?

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Desire and Slavery

Don’t ignore your desires.
Once you stop following that inner dream or the voice of your inner child…

“You’re succumbing to slavery.”

Not literal slavery. A mental one.
Because freedom? Real freedom?

“Freedom is just not needing anything more. Freedom is just not needing to survive anymore.”

Most of us are stuck in survival mode — making money just to eat, just to keep the lights on.
But thriving goes beyond that.
It’s about becoming the fullest version of yourself. Through creative expression. Through spiritual connection.

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The Privilege of Time to Think

Why were the leaders of ancient Rome so impactful? Because they had free time.
Time to read, think, write, and debate.

“The problem with modern life is that the noise and the chatter is nonstop.”

Technology, bureaucracy — it all gets in the way.
Now, everything takes hoops to jump through. Paperwork. Permissions. Systems on systems.

Back then? You could think. Now? You can barely hear yourself.

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The Loop Isn’t Bad… Unless It’s Numbing You

I don’t think the eternal loop is a bad thing.
You can thrive in it. But…

“If the loop is numbing you… if you’re involuntarily playing… then that’s where hell is brought down to earth.”

That’s mental hell.
Anxiety. Depression. Disconnection.

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Another Day, Another Dollar?

How many people say:

“Another day, another dollar.”
“Same old sh*t, different day.”

It’s wild. Look around.
We’re living in the most exciting time in human history.
There’s no such thing as monotony. There’s infinite novelty, if you’re awake enough to see it.

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The Street Photographer’s Superpower

This is what gives street photographers their edge:

“Finding infinite novelty in the mundane. That’s our superpower.”

Through the lens, we see.
Details. Fleeting moments. The poetry in the everyday.

But most people today?

They’re numb. Distracted. Trapped behind glass screens.

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Numbness and the AFK Mind

Whenever I go out to shoot, I notice it.
People walking around like they’re AFK — away from keyboard — like their minds are somewhere else.
Paused. Checked out. Zoning into a screen instead of the moment.

“We’ve got the game running, but the main character isn’t even playing anymore.”

That’s scary. And profound. Because with all this new tech, we either:

• Succumb to slavery (to noise, to survival, to systems),
• Or rise into freedom (to think, to feel, to create).

But if we’re always distracted, always numbing ourselves?

We miss the point of being here at all.

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Final Thought

I don’t know where all these thoughts are going today.
But check it out…

Mushrooms. 🍄

The Fiat Standard — Lecture 18 (Can Bitcoin Fix This?) • Study Notes

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Introduction

• Final lecture of The Fiat Standard course and book.
• Builds on the question raised in The Bitcoin Standard: can Bitcoin fix fiat?
• Not a definitive prediction (future is uncertain), but an exploration using the analytical tools of fiat and Bitcoin.
• Examines:

1. Threats to Bitcoin’s survival.
2. Why these threats may fail.
3. Possible scenarios for Bitcoin’s coexistence or dominance.

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The Nature of Bitcoin as Money

• Digitally scarce, verifiably fixed-supply asset.
• Like cash or gold: held for its own value, not yield.
• Cash = low risk, no yield → hedge against uncertainty.
• Fiat century destroyed true cash → forced reliance on:
• Government bonds
• Gold
• Real estate
• Equity
• Even art
• Bitcoin adds a new form of cash:
• No dependence on political institutions.
• Strict, credible scarcity.

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Total Addressable Market (TAM) for Bitcoin

• $90T fiat cash balances.
• $90T sovereign bonds.
• $40T corporate bonds.
• $10T gold.
• ~$280T real estate.
• ~$3T art.
• > $230T in addressable cash-like assets.
• Bitcoin (~$350B at time of lecture) = 0.15% rounding error in TAM.
• Bitcoin competes as a store of value and cash substitute, potentially absorbing demand from all these asset classes.

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Threats to Bitcoin

1. Government Bans

• Fiat worldview: government decrees reality.
• But bans often fail (see drug trade, black markets).
• Bitcoin optimized for surviving bans:
• Decentralized, distributed nodes.
• One block of ~1–3.7 MB every 10 minutes → trivial to transmit globally.
• Billions of devices can join network.
• Economic incentive ensures circumvention: bans highlight Bitcoin’s core value—financial sovereignty.
• Political economy: small, motivated Bitcoin minority vs. indifferent majority → likely successful lobby (like corn subsidies in U.S.).

2. Software Bugs

• Bitcoin is open source: “with enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow.”
• Incentive alignment: holders, companies, and developers all motivated to protect code.
• Defense is distributed and constant, not centralized.
• Bugs possible, but catastrophic failure unlikely.

3. Return to a Gold Standard

• Theoretically strong competitor: hard money with higher liquidity ($10T vs. $300B Bitcoin).
• Could undermine incentive to use Bitcoin.
• But unlikely:
• Requires governments to give up fiat control.
• Even if adopted, gold supply inflates ~2%/year vs. Bitcoin’s <0.5%.
• Governments could still confiscate gold.
• Bitcoin remains scarcer and seizure-resistant.

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Growth Scenarios for Bitcoin

1. Central Bank Adoption

• Possible: neutral settlement asset, independent of U.S. Fed/ECB.
• Benefits: balance sheet appreciation, citizens save without debt.
• But unlikely:
• Central banks staffed by fiat loyalists.
• They benefit from fiat privilege.
• Low-time-preference mindset rare in bureaucracies.
• El Salvador exception: no central bank, dollarized → Bitcoin as legal tender.

2. Hyperinflation Scenario

• Common Bitcoin narrative: fiat collapses, Bitcoin rises.
• Ammous: unlikely.
• Hyperinflation requires supply explosion, not just demand decline.
• Bitcoin reduces demand for debt instruments, thus reduces fiat creation.
• Punchline of the book:
• Bitcoin encourages saving, discourages debt.
• Less debt = less fiat issuance.
• Transition may resemble a debt jubilee rather than hyperinflation.

3. Orderly Transition Scenario

• Bitcoin reduces fiat demand and fiat supply growth.
• Parallel Bitcoin economy grows as fiat economy shrinks.
• Could avoid major collapse → gradual downsizing of fiat into irrelevance.
• Savers and entrepreneurs flourish; central planners wither.
• Analogy: Wright brothers → innovation funded by savings, not fiat credit bubbles.

4. Speculative Attack Scenario

• Borrow fiat → buy Bitcoin → repay in devalued fiat.
• Accelerates fiat decline, Bitcoin rise.
• Examples: George Soros vs. Bank of England.
• Could prevent slow transition.
• Limits:
• Lenders may refuse to enable Bitcoin leverage.
• Governments could restrict borrowing for Bitcoin.
• Volatility discourages leveraged speculation.

5. CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currency) Scenario

• True systemic threat.
• CBDCs = fiat without credit discipline: pure money printing.
• Optimized for surveillance, censorship, inflation.
• Resembles Soviet Gosbank model: one account for everyone.
• Inflation “managed” by restricting spending:
• Meat quotas
• Fuel limits
• Rationing, lockdowns
• Digital + propaganda → force compliance (fiat science: climate, nutrition, medicine).
• Creates economic apartheid:
• CBDC world: surveilled, centrally planned, soy-bug diet, metaverse escapism.
• Bitcoin world: free market, hard money, energy abundance.
• CBDCs advertise Bitcoin’s advantages: censorship-resistance and inflation-resistance.

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Possible Outcomes

• Debt Jubilee Scenario: Bitcoin allows fiat debts to be devalued without hyperinflation → peaceful transition.
• Speculative Attack Scenario: fiat collapses faster via leveraged arbitrage.
• CBDC Scenario: authoritarian dystopia coexists with Bitcoin free market → financial apartheid.
• Mixed Scenario: some regions manage fiat responsibly → coexistence for decades.

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Conclusion

• Bitcoin is reintroducing free-market competition in cash balances after a century of fiat monopoly.
• Threats exist, but economics favors Bitcoin’s survival:
• Bans are impractical.
• Bugs unlikely catastrophic.
• Gold standard revival unrealistic.
• Two paths forward:
• Orderly Transition → debt deflation, fiat shrinks peacefully.
• CBDC Dystopia → authoritarian control vs. Bitcoin black market freedom.
• Either way: Bitcoin remains the escape hatch.

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The Fiat Standard — Lecture 17 (Bitcoin Cost-Benefit Analysis) • Study Notes

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Introduction

• In Chapter 12, Ammous analyzed fiat’s costs and benefits.
• Here, he applies the same framework to Bitcoin.
• Key difference:
• Fiat economists assume truth is imposed top-down (central banks, academia).
• Real economics studies why people voluntarily act as they do.
• Fiat thinkers dismiss Bitcoin because it is not government money, but Bitcoin works in practice—usage grows, security increases, and adoption spreads.
• This lecture asks: What are the costs of Bitcoin, and what are the benefits?

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Costs of Bitcoin

1. Electricity Consumption

• Estimated (2021): 100–150 TWh/year.
• That’s a lot of electricity, but mostly from cheap, stranded, or waste sources.
• Avg. global electricity: ~14¢/kWh.
• Bitcoin miners: ~2–5¢/kWh (sometimes less).
• In bear markets (2022), even miners at 6–7¢ were wiped out.
• Annual global mining cost ≈ $2–6B.

2. Mining Rewards as Security Budget

• Block subsidy + fees = miner income.
• By design, cost ≈ reward (difficulty ensures equilibrium).
• Total block rewards (2009–Jul 2021): ~$29.4B.
• Rough proxy for total network security cost.

3. Infrastructure Costs

• Facilities, ASICs, operations.
• Highly competitive: inefficient miners go bankrupt; efficient miners expand.
• Costs converge on block reward value.

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Benefits of Bitcoin

1. Secure Savings

• Bitcoin converts energy + hardware → inflation-resistant savings.
• Market cap July 2021: ~$800B.
• Market cap Nov 2022: ~$350–400B.
• Cost ≈ $35B → Value ≈ $350–400B → 10x return.

2. Long-Term Efficiency

• Stock-to-Flow (S2F) ratio:
• Security cost declines as a % of network value.
• New issuance shrinks → efficiency rises.
• Avg. Bitcoin has appreciated ~23x from production cost to current value.

3. Global Money Transfer

• Bitcoin enables international settlement at negligible cost.
• Fees ≈ 0.02% of transaction value (far cheaper than gold or fiat settlement).
• Example: gold settlement across continents = up to 1% of value.
• Bitcoin: scalable batching, far cheaper.

4. Open Security Market

• No fixed “security budget.”
• If demand rises → users pay higher fees → miners secure more.
• Example: Dec 2017 → avg. $50 fees, yet demand persisted.
• Bitcoin secures itself through market incentives, not central planning.

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Comparison: Fiat vs. Bitcoin

• Fiat:
• ~14% supply inflation average.
• Managed by politicians and central banks.
• Finances war, bureaucracy, and political agendas.
• Settlement requires human intermediaries, armies, and banks.
• Bitcoin:
• Fixed 21M cap; predictable declining inflation.
• Decentralized, transparent monetary policy.
• Finances cheap, reliable energy investment (miners).
• Settlement: rules without rulers; proof-of-work consensus.

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Analogy with Other Machines

• Every major technology consumes more energy but delivers higher efficiency:
• Washing machine vs. handwashing.
• Airplane vs. kayak.
• Steel houses vs. tepees.
• Computers vs. abacus.
• People choose the energy-intensive machine because the output > input.
• Bitcoin is no different: it consumes electricity but produces superior monetary reliability.

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Key Takeaways

1. Total costs: ~$30–35B in energy + infrastructure.
2. Total benefits: Hundreds of billions secured; ~10x efficiency ratio.
3. Stock-to-Flow: ensures rising efficiency as issuance declines.
4. Transaction fees: minimal compared to fiat/gold; will adjust dynamically with demand.
5. Security model: market-driven, not centrally planned.
6. Bitcoin = technological upgrade over fiat—like cars over horses, or computers over abacuses.

Conclusion:
Bitcoin is worth its costs. Its electricity consumption secures hard money, global settlement, and inflation-proof savings—a bargain compared to the destructive costs of fiat.

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The Fiat Standard — Lecture 16 (Bitcoin and Energy Markets) • Study Notes

Introduction

This lecture addresses one of the most misunderstood and controversial topics in Bitcoin: its relationship with energy. Ammous argues that Bitcoin mining is not wasteful, but rather the most efficient and peaceful way to anchor monetary truth. Proof-of-Work (PoW), backed by electricity, provides consensus without rulers, eliminating the violent “proof-of-work” of fiat—wars, political struggles, and coercion.

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Fiat vs. Bitcoin Consensus

• Fiat system:
• Value is politically determined.
• Governments and central banks arbitrarily assign or confiscate wealth.
• Control of the ledger requires political power, maintained through war, coercion, and violence.
• “Proof-of-work” in fiat = military might and political dominance.
• Bitcoin system:
• Value anchored in physics via proof-of-work.
• No authority can change balances without private keys.
• Consensus emerges automatically through the expenditure of electricity and mining hardware.
• Cheating is impossible because invalid blocks are expensive to produce but cheap to reject.

Key insight: Fiat spends energy destructively (wars). Bitcoin spends energy constructively (securing consensus).

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Proof-of-Work & Difficulty Adjustment

• PoW requires miners to solve mathematical puzzles (hashing).
• Nodes verify solutions cheaply; miners bear the costly work.
• Difficulty adjustment ensures:
• Blocks are mined every ~10 minutes.
• Supply issuance remains predictable regardless of demand.
• Mining profitability always hovers near equilibrium with energy costs.

Implication: Bitcoin is the only liquid commodity with a perfectly inelastic supply.

• Increased demand does not increase supply (unlike gold, oil, or fiat).
• Instead, demand increases the network’s security (higher hash rate).

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Energy: Scarcity and Abundance

• Energy is not scarce in absolute terms.
• Solar input in 1 hour > total human yearly consumption.
• Wind power ≈ 4x human usage.
• Hydroelectric ≈ ⅓ of global consumption.
• Hydrocarbons & uranium are effectively abundant.
• The scarcity lies in converting and delivering energy as power when/where needed.
• Energy is a human product, not a fixed endowment.

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Bitcoin’s Unique Energy Demand

1. Portable buyer of energy:

• Can monetize stranded or wasted energy.
• Needs only an internet connection, not wires or pipelines.

1. Waste energy consumer:

• Mines where energy has low opportunity cost (flared gas, remote hydro, unused nuclear capacity).
• Turns waste into monetary value.

1. Constant drive toward cheapest energy:

• Difficulty adjustment ensures only miners with the lowest costs survive.
• High-cost miners are culled in bear markets.

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Implications for Energy Markets

1. Mining on Waste Energy

• Stranded hydro, flared methane, excess geothermal, or curtailed renewables.
• Converts unused energy into economic value.

2. Incentivizing Energy Generation

• Bitcoin creates global demand for cheap, reliable power.
• Encourages capital investment in energy infrastructure.
• Unlike fiat subsidies for unreliable sources (wind, solar), Bitcoin incentivizes efficiency and reliability.

3. Reliability vs. Intermittency

• Miners prefer 24/7 uptime to maximize ASIC usage.
• Solar/wind (intermittent) ≈ uncompetitive for mining.
• Hydroelectric, nuclear, and flared gas ≈ highly competitive.
• Analogy: Running modern grids on wind/solar is like forcing cars to be pulled by horses part-time.

4. Future of Bitcoin Energy

• Unlikely: Grid-connected hydrocarbon plants (opportunity cost too high).
• Likely:
• Remote hydro dams.
• Nuclear plants with excess capacity.
• Flared/stranded gas operations.
• Abandoned oil fields.

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Fiat Fuels vs. Bitcoin Fuels

• Fiat fuels: Subsidize unreliable renewables, destabilize grids, raise costs.
• Bitcoin fuels: Reward cheap, reliable energy, strengthen grids, lower marginal costs.
• Bitcoin effectively redirects seigniorage away from governments toward productive energy investment.

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Conclusion

• Bitcoin does not “waste” energy—it redirects it toward peaceful consensus.
• Fiat’s proof-of-work is war; Bitcoin’s proof-of-work is computation.
• Mining ensures that only low-cost, reliable energy is monetized.
• Over time, Bitcoin will:
• Incentivize abundant, reliable power.
• Consume waste and stranded energy.
• Demonopolize energy markets globally.

Final insight: Bitcoin transforms the world’s energy markets from tools of war into engines of prosperity.

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The Fiat Standard — Lecture 15 (Bitcoin Banking) • Study Notes

Overview

• Banking historically provides two essential services:

1. Custody (deposit banking): keeping money safe and accessible.
2. Investment allocation: channeling capital into productive enterprises.

• Under fiat, both functions have been distorted by inflation, debt, and state monopolies.
• Question: How would banking work under a Bitcoin standard with fixed supply money?

This lecture explores custody, investment, savings evolution, and why Bitcoin likely leads to equity-based banking instead of debt-based banking.

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1. Custody (Deposit Banking)

• Homes are not designed as vaults; specialized custodians provide security.
• In a Bitcoin world:
• Custodians will still exist.
• Clients trade off some censorship resistance for convenience.
• Risk of abuse is limited because:
  • Bitcoin is cheap and easy to withdraw on-chain (~500k daily transactions available).
  • Users can take custody at any time.
• Key point: Even if much Bitcoin is custodied, monetary policy remains secure as long as individuals retain exit options.

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2. Investment Allocation

• Banks act as intermediaries: match savers with businesses needing capital.
• Requires human judgment (entrepreneurship) — cannot be automated fully.
• Two models:

1. Credit-based lending (interest).
2. Equity-based investment (ownership shares).

In fiat, credit dominates because debt = money creation. In Bitcoin, equity will dominate (explained below).

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3. Evolution of Savings

• Gold standard: saving was simple — hold gold coins.
• Fiat eras:
• Bank deposits → inflation eroded value.
• Bonds → became “savings accounts” but eroded over time.
• Stocks (index funds) → became surrogate savings vehicles, detached from fundamentals.
• Real estate, art, gold, etc. → pressed into service as savings due to fiat decay.
• Result: individuals juggle complex portfolios just to preserve wealth.
• Bitcoin fixes this:
• High salability across time and space.
• No yield = no distortion from monetary demand.
• Returns simplicity: saving = holding Bitcoin.

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4. Bitcoin Demonitizes Assets

• In fiat, stocks, bonds, and houses are treated as money → inflated valuations.
• In Bitcoin:
• Houses = consumer goods (not savings vehicles).
• Stocks = real investments (valued on dividends, not “store of value”).
• Bonds = largely unnecessary.
• Bold prediction: Bitcoin may end the bond market.
• Bonds exist because fiat credit creation rewards lending.
• Without inflationary credit, bonds lose purpose.
• Bitcoin provides better liquidity and homogeneity than bonds (all satoshis are fungible).

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5. Fragility of Fiat vs. Robustness of Bitcoin

• Fiat system: built entirely on debt → fragility.
• Bank runs, crises, contagion.
• Needs central banks as “lenders of last resort.”
• Bitcoin system:
• Value not dependent on credit repayment.
• Final settlement always possible on-chain.
• Removes systemic fragility from interconnected debt webs.

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6. Why Equity > Debt in Bitcoin Banking

Three main reasons:

1. No more money-printing via debt

• Lending doesn’t “mine” new money.
• Removes artificial incentive for credit expansion.

1. No lender of last resort

• Credit = high risk of total loss.
• Without bailouts, fixed-interest contracts are unsustainable.
• Equity absorbs risk honestly (both upside & downside).

1. Cash abundance & declining interest rates

• Hard money encourages accumulation of cash balances.
• More savings → lower interest rates.
• Austrian view: interest = measure of civilization/time preference.
• Trend over 5,000 years: falling interest rates → eventually ~0% nominal.
• At 0% nominal, lending unattractive → equity dominates.

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7. The Endgame: Banking on a Bitcoin Standard

• Banking separates cleanly into two roles:

1. Deposit banking: full-reserve custody, funded by depositor fees.
2. Investment banking: equity investment, maturity-matched, sharing upside & downside.

• Credit shrinks to marginal role (loans among family/friends).
• Broader system = more robust, less fragile, equity-driven finance.

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Key Takeaways

1. Custody remains but is disciplined by Bitcoin’s withdrawability.
2. Investment allocation persists but shifts from debt to equity.
3. Bitcoin restores saving simplicity — just hold Bitcoin.
4. Bonds lose purpose without fiat’s debt-creation incentive.
5. Interest rates trend toward 0% nominal as time preference declines.
6. Equity-based banking becomes dominant: honest risk-sharing replaces fixed-interest illusions.

Conclusion:
Bitcoin banking = full-reserve custody + equity finance. This eliminates fiat’s debt fragility, collapses the bond market, and restores stability to global finance.

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The Fiat Standard — Lecture 14 (Bitcoin Scaling) • Study Notes

Overview

• Global digital payments today: 2–3 billion non-cash transactions per day.
• Bitcoin’s on-chain peak: ~500,000 transactions/day (~0.017% of global volume).
• To process all digital payments on-chain, Bitcoin would need a 6,000× capacity increase.
• Naïve solution: bigger blocks = more transactions.
• Problem: larger blocks undermine decentralization, which is Bitcoin’s core value.

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1. The Naïve Scaling Approach: Bigger Blocks

• Idea: Increase block size → more transactions per block.
• Reality:
• Larger blocks → harder to download & sync → fewer nodes can participate.
• Leads to centralization (only powerful computers can keep up).
• Example: To handle global non-cash transactions, Bitcoin would need 5 TB blocks every 10 minutes.
• No consumer hardware can support this.
• Would shrink the network to a handful of operators.
• Trade-off:
• Efficiency vs. decentralization.
• Centralized systems (e.g., PayPal, Visa) are already efficient.
• Bitcoin’s value lies in being decentralized and uncapturable.

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2. Why On-Chain Scaling Won’t Happen

• Decentralization is non-negotiable:
• Bitcoiners resisted block size wars; preserving small blocks preserves sovereignty.
• Running a node must remain possible for anyone (~$100–700 hardware).
• On-chain = cash settlement:
• Bitcoin transactions are final settlement, not retail payments.
• More comparable to interbank transfers than buying coffee.
• Consumer payments can run on second layers.

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3. Market for Scarce Block Space

• Bitcoin block space = scarce resource.
• Analogy: shuttle bus leaving every 10 minutes, limited seats, auction for entry.
• Result:
• Transaction count has plateaued since ~2016 (~200–300k/day).
• Value per transaction has skyrocketed (from ~$10 avg in 2011 → ~$30–40k avg today).
• Total settlement volume continues to grow (billions daily).
• Economic pattern:
• Low-value uses get priced out → off-chain.
• High-value uses dominate on-chain.
• Just as cows don’t graze in Manhattan, trivial transactions won’t live on Bitcoin’s blockchain.

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4. Second-Layer Scaling

• Already happening:
• Exchanges, casinos, and services settle internally off-chain.
• On-chain only for deposits/withdrawals.
• Lightning Network:
• Based on multisig channels.
• Two parties lock coins → update balances off-chain infinitely.
• Closing channel = one on-chain settlement.
• Routing through other nodes allows global connectivity.
• Lightning = cheap (fractions of a cent) but limited by liquidity.
• Other second-layer models:
• Custodial systems (exchanges, apps).
• Physical Bitcoin tools (e.g., OpenDime).
• Multisig arrangements.

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5. Liquidity and Investment in Lightning

• Putting Bitcoin into channels = investment, not cash holding.
• Similar to investing in a payments company.
• Provides liquidity for routing payments in exchange for fees.
• This specialization → emergence of professional liquidity providers.
• Likely outcome: hub-and-spoke model:
• Tens of thousands of large, well-connected nodes.
• Individuals open a few channels to these hubs.
• More centralized than coffee-on-chain dream, but far more decentralized than fiat.

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6. Risks and Trade-Offs

• Censorship:
• A node operator can refuse to serve you, but cannot prevent you from opening your own channel or going elsewhere.
• Centralization of liquidity:
• Hubs may form, but unlike fiat banks, they:
  • Cannot inflate supply.
  • Cannot control protocol rules.
  • Cannot unilaterally censor the entire network.
• Key point:
• Bitcoin doesn’t need to be decentralized enough to process every coffee purchase.
• It only needs to be decentralized enough to resist monetary capture.

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Key Takeaways

1. On-chain scaling is impossible without sacrificing decentralization.
2. Bitcoin’s on-chain layer = final settlement, not everyday payments.
3. Block space scarcity leads to prioritization of high-value transactions.
4. Second layers (Lightning, exchanges, multisig) handle small, high-frequency payments.
5. Providing liquidity = investment industry, leading to specialization and efficiency.
6. Even with some centralization of payment routing, Bitcoin remains fundamentally uncensorable, non-inflatable, and decentralized enough to preserve its value proposition.

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The Fiat Standard — Lecture 13 (Why Bitcoin Fixes This) • Study Notes

Overview

The book is divided into three parts:

1. How the fiat system works (Chs. 1–6)
2. Problems caused by fiat (Chs. 7–12)
3. Why Bitcoin fixes this (Chs. 13–18)

Chapter 13 opens the third part. It explains how Bitcoin possesses four key properties that directly address fiat’s failures:

1. High salability across space
2. Separation of money and debt
3. Anti-fiat technology
4. Neutral global currency

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1. Bitcoin’s Salability Across Space

• Gold vs. Bitcoin
• Gold settlement is expensive, slow, and distance-dependent.
  • Example: Sending a 400 oz bar ($750k value) across the Atlantic costs ~$3,000 and takes at least a day.
• Bitcoin settlement is instant, digital, and distance-free.
  • Example: Sending $750k in Bitcoin costs ~$1 in fees and confirms in minutes.
• Key advantages:
• Transaction cost independent of distance or weight.
• Scales better: moving $10M or $100M in gold is even more expensive; Bitcoin remains ~$1.
• Even if Bitcoin fees rose 3,000×, it would still beat gold for large settlement.
• Verification
• Bitcoin: run a full node for ~$100–700, verifying all transactions cheaply.
• Gold: true verification requires melting and recasting bars → expensive, impractical.
• Result: gold systems centralize (e.g., London Bullion Market Association), while Bitcoin can stay decentralized.
• Implication:
• High spatial salability prevents monopoly capture by banks.
• Enables thousands or millions of institutions to settle globally, unlike fiat’s <200 central banks.

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2. Separation of Money and Debt

• Definitions
• Money: present good, immediate settlement, no reliance on counterparties.
• Credit: future promise of money, carries risk of default.
• Gold’s weakness
• Low spatial salability pushed reliance on banks.
• Banks blurred the line between money and debt (fiduciary media).
• Credit masqueraded as money → fractional reserve banking → fiat.
• Bitcoin’s strength
• Every 10 minutes, the network reconciles ownership of all coins.
• Bitcoin IOUs cannot circulate on-chain; only actual coins settle.
• Distinction between present satoshis (real) and future satoshis (IOUs) is crystal clear.
• Banks cannot easily inflate supply without being tested by withdrawal.
• Result:
• Banks return to service providers, not money printers.
• Governments lose their license to erase debts through inflation.

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3. Bitcoin as Anti-Fiat Technology

• Core point: Bitcoin demonetizes government credit.
• Governments cannot arbitrarily inflate the supply.
• Credit loses its ability to masquerade as money.
• Effect: defangs fiat power.
• No more infinite seigniorage.
• Prevents central banks from financing endless wars, bureaucracy, and distortions.
• Bitcoin = reason restored in a world corrupted by fiat credit.

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4. Bitcoin as Neutral Global Currency

• Economic growth fundamentals:

1. Capital accumulation
2. Division of labor & trade
3. Innovation & technology adoption

• Fiat destroys all three:
• Inflation & debt prevent saving (capital).
• Trade restrictions & monetary nationalism cripple division of labor.
• Bureaucratic planning & debt traps block innovation.
• Bitcoin fixes this:
• Hard money allows savings & capital formation.
• Non-political currency enables free global trade.
• Neutral settlement layer bypasses IMF/World Bank debt colonialism.
• Limits of Bitcoin:
• Cannot “end poverty” in absolute terms.
• Poverty is partly a result of individual choices (e.g., overspending, lack of discipline).
• But Bitcoin restores economic freedom so that those who can save and invest productively are no longer penalized.

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Key Takeaways

• Salability across space: Bitcoin settlement is cheaper, faster, and more secure than gold, preventing centralization.
• Separation of money and debt: Bitcoin enforces a clear line between present goods (money) and future promises (credit).
• Anti-fiat technology: Bitcoin strips governments of their monetary monopoly.
• Neutral global currency: Bitcoin enables free market growth by removing political currency distortions.

Conclusion:
Bitcoin doesn’t promise utopia. It promises the economic freedom that fiat destroyed — enabling saving, trade, and innovation to flourish once again.

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The Fiat Standard — Lecture 12 (Fiat Cost-Benefit Analysis) • Study Notes

Overview

Mainstream critiques of Bitcoin often obsess over its energy consumption, comparing it to entire nations. Yet almost no one asks the parallel question: what are the costs of fiat?

This lecture weighs fiat’s benefits against its costs after a century of global dominance. The verdict: trivial efficiency gains, catastrophic systemic costs.

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Part I: The Claimed Benefit of Fiat

• Engineering advantage: avoids moving gold around physically.
• 19th century: ships full of gold crossed oceans to settle trade.
• Risks: high cost, time, piracy, shipwrecks.
• With fiat:
• Only need digital communication (telegrams, SWIFT, electronic entries).
• Cheaper and faster than shipping gold.

Estimating cost savings:

• Assume transaction fees to ship gold ≈ 0.05–0.5% of value shipped.
• If ~10% of global wealth moved annually as gold → fiat saves ≈ 0.05% of global wealth per year.
• This is the maximum plausible benefit of fiat.

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Part II: The True Costs of Fiat

1. Inflation

• CPI is unreliable (government bias, basket changes, productivity masking).
• Better measure: money supply growth.
• 1965–2020 averages:
  • Switzerland: 6.7%
  • U.S.: 7.4%
  • EU: 7.8%
  • Japan: 9.8%
  • U.K.: 10.8%
  • China: 20.3%
  • Simple average (all currencies): 30%
  • Weighted global average: ~14% annually
• In 2019:
• Global money supply: $95T
• Global wealth: $360T
• Fiat = 26% of wealth.
• 14% debasement of that = 3.6% of global wealth lost annually (~$15T in 2019).

2. Inequality

• Inflation raises value of hard assets (real estate, stocks).
• Rich hold assets → benefit.
• Poor hold cash → lose.
• Fiat mechanically transfers wealth from the bottom 90% to the top 10%.

3. Economic Distortions

• High time preference: discourages saving, encourages debt and consumption.
• Business cycles: credit expansion fuels booms, busts, and capital misallocation.
• Capital destruction: projects with negative real returns appear profitable if they lose money slower than inflation.
• Overconsumption & shoddy goods: people buy durable goods not for use but as stores of value, even if low quality.
• Partial barter system: fiat turns international trade into FX juggling, requiring geopolitical/macro awareness just to run business.

4. Empowered Governments

• Fiat grants states unlimited financing:
• Funds wars far beyond taxpayer tolerance.
• Expands bureaucracy and surveillance.
• Human toll:
• 20th century total wars and genocides financed by fiat.
• ~169 million killed by governments (democide).
• Fiat’s “proof-of-work” is violence and coercion, not honest accounting.

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Part III: The Cost-Benefit Contrast

Category	Fiat Standard	Gold Standard
Main benefit	Saves ~0.05% global wealth/yr (avoids gold transport).	Slightly higher settlement cost.
Inflation cost	~3–4% of global wealth/yr lost (~$15T/yr).	Near-zero inflation.
Distribution effect	Extreme inequality, favors elites.	Savings preserved.
Capital allocation	Distorted, capital-consuming projects funded.	Only sustainable projects thrive.
Trade system	Partial barter, FX distortions, tariffs, protectionism.	Seamless international money.
Government power	Unlimited wars, surveillance, debt slavery.	Wars constrained by gold reserves.
Human cost	~169M killed by states in 20th century, endless conflict.	Conflicts limited in scale/duration.

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Key Takeaways

1. Fiat’s only real benefit: avoidance of gold shipping costs (~0.05% of wealth).
2. Fiat’s systemic costs dwarf that:

• Inflation = $15T/year lost.
• Widened inequality.
• Distorted economies and high time preference.
• Enabling of total war and authoritarianism.

1. Fiat converts civilization into a debt-slavery system, financing destruction while enriching elites.
2. Bitcoin reintroduces hard money discipline without the physical transport problem, preserving savings while enabling digital global settlement.

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The Fiat Standard — Lecture 11 (Fiat States) • Study Notes

Overview

This lecture examines how the fiat monetary system reshaped global geopolitics, empowering states through reserve-currency arrangements, central banks, and international financial institutions. Fiat states are not simply domestic entities — they operate within a global fiat cartel where the dollar reigns supreme. The result has been the export of inflation, debt slavery for developing nations, and the entrenchment of bureaucratic institutions like the IMF and World Bank.

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Part I: The Reserve Currency Hierarchy

• Two classes of money (Emile Moreau, 1920s):

1. First class: Gold-backed reserve currencies (historically pound sterling, later U.S. dollar).
2. Second class: Dependent national currencies, backed by holdings of pounds/dollars.

• Consequence:
• Reserve currencies remain independent.
• All other currencies lose monetary independence.
• Core privilege: Exporting inflation abroad — foreigners hold your money as reserves, absorbing the cost of your monetary expansion.

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Part II: Why States Want Reserve Adoption

• Larger global holdings = more room for domestic inflation without visible price shock.
• Example:
• If supply = $1B, printing $1B doubles prices.
• If supply = $100B, printing $1B is only 1% inflation.
• Thus, global reserve adoption incentivizes:
• Expansion of fiat networks.
• Supporting new central banks worldwide.
• Encouraging decolonization/national liberation that results in more central banks plugged into the system.

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Part III: Hayek’s Critique of Monetary Nationalism

• International money (e.g., gold standard):
• Free flows across borders, like dollars within U.S. states.
• No need for “trade balance” politics.
• Monetary nationalism (fiat world):
• Each nation tied to its central bank’s reserves.
• Trade and capital flows politicized.
• Creates friction, trade barriers, and eventual militarism.
• Prediction: more protectionism, conflict, and totalitarianism — borne out in 20th century.

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Part IV: Development Trapped by Fiat

• Nations that failed to industrialize before 1914 faced an uphill battle:
• Lost chance to industrialize under sound money.
• After 1914, entered a world of fiat inflation, protectionism, and trade distortions.
• “Developing world” defined not by poverty alone, but by lack of exposure to hard money savings.

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Part V: The International Misery Industry

Institutions

• IMF: lender of last resort, provides bailouts with new fiat issuance.
• World Bank: funds “development projects” using Keynesian models of growth.
• WTO/GATT: manages trade distortions created by fiat currency misalignments.
• Academia: development economics justifies loans and debt slavery.

The Cycle

1. World Bank sells nations on debt-financed projects (roads, hospitals, airports).
2. Projects fail due to corruption and central planning.
3. IMF bails them out, imposing policy conditions.
4. Country becomes a permanent client state, locked into dollar system.

Incentives

• Bureaucrats enrich themselves with lucrative careers.
• The U.S. strengthens dollar hegemony.
• Local elites gain temporary spending power via foreign loans.

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Part VI: Central Planning and “Social Cost-Benefit Analysis”

• IFIs rely on aggregates (GDP, CPI, literacy rates) — fictitious constructs.
• Individuals’ lives reduced to spreadsheet numbers.
• Projects justified if “benefits” (in GDP terms) outweigh “costs” (even if lives lost).
• Austrian critique:
• Value is subjective and ordinal, not cardinal.
• Welfare cannot be calculated collectively.
• Central planning always misallocates resources.

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Part VII: Political Corruption and High Time Preference

• IMF/World Bank loans = infinite credit line for politicians.
• Domestic politics degenerates into a contest of who can borrow the most:
• Borrow today, indebt future generations.
• Use funds to buy votes, expand bureaucracy, consolidate power.
• Result: short-termism, destruction of capital, and debt slavery.

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Part VIII: Why This System Persists

1. Careers for insiders — tens of thousands thrive on bureaucracy.
2. U.S. dollar dominance — maintains reserve status.
3. Leverage over other nations — ensures foreign policy obedience.

On these three metrics, the IMF and World Bank are successful. All other “development” rhetoric is window dressing.

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Part IX: True Drivers of Development

1. Capital accumulation → saving → higher productivity.
2. Specialization & division of labor → trade expands wealth.
3. Innovation & technology → sustained growth.

How Fiat Undermines Them

• Debt lowers interest rates → discourages saving → undermines capital accumulation.
• Trade distorted by protectionism, tariffs, and current account manipulation.
• Innovation blocked by:
• Restrictions on trade.
• Intellectual property regimes enforced through IFIs/WTO.

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Key Takeaways

1. Reserve currencies allow core nations to export inflation abroad.
2. Developing nations trapped by fiat debt slavery never achieve true growth.
3. IMF and World Bank serve bureaucrats, U.S. policy, and dollar supremacy — not poor nations.
4. Central planning reduces human lives to statistics, ignoring subjective value.
5. Fiat politics rewards high-time-preference leaders who sell the future for power today.
6. True development comes only from saving, trade, and innovation under sound money.
7. Without sound money, poor nations remain permanently vulnerable to predation.

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The Fiat Standard — Lecture 10 (Fiat Fuels) • Study Notes

Overview

This lecture explores how the fiat monetary system has distorted global energy markets, particularly since the 1970s. Instead of addressing the root cause of rising energy prices — monetary inflation — governments manipulated energy markets, subsidized uneconomic alternatives, and created industries dependent on fiat subsidies. The result has been stagnation in energy progress, higher costs, unreliable power, and the reversal of industrial gains.

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Part I: The 1970s Oil Crisis — Myth vs. Reality

• Official Story: Prices rose due to the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and the Arab oil embargo.
• Reality:
• Shortages began in 1972, before the war or embargo.
• U.S. oil imports did not decline; oil is highly liquid and fungible — buyers simply switched suppliers.
• Prices rose from $2 → $30 per barrel in a decade primarily because of currency devaluation.
• Parallel to Food Inflation:
• Rising energy prices were blamed on external shocks.
• Governments avoided tackling the true cause: inflationary credit expansion after the gold window closed.

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Part II: America’s Sensitivity to Energy Prices

• U.S. = most energy-intensive society:
• Cars, suburbs, appliances, heating/cooling systems.
• High consumption is a sign of prosperity, not guilt.
• When energy prices rise:
• Americans feel disproportionate pain.
• Politicians scramble to offer cheaper substitutes instead of tackling inflation.

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Part III: The Fiat Solution — Subsidized Alternatives

• Post-1970s, the U.S. government prioritized “renewable energy” experiments:
• Synfuels
• Photovoltaics (solar)
• Biofuels
• Natural gas
• Nuclear
• Trillions of fiat dollars poured into subsidies, mandates, and loans.
• Result: decades of promises, “3–5 years away” hype cycles, but no replacement of hydrocarbons.

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Part IV: Why Hydrocarbons Are Irreplaceable

• Nature’s batteries: High-density, portable, energy-rich fuels.
• Advantages:
• High power output.
• High energy density per weight/area.
• Easy global transport (standardized barrels, pipelines).
• Without hydrocarbons:
• Modern life (electronics, aviation, steel, construction, medicine, computing, Bitcoin mining) collapses.
• Renewables’ flaws:
• Low power density (require massive land use).
• Intermittent (sun/wind availability, not on-demand).
• Require batteries, which multiply costs 10–20x.
• Cannot even be manufactured without hydrocarbons.
• More accurate to call them “hydrocarbon laundering”: hydrocarbons build the panels/turbines, which then produce “green” energy.

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Part V: The Drivers of Fiat Fuels

1. Government: Reduce oil demand → suppress prices → political relief.
2. Ideological Cults: Anti-human, anti-industrial beliefs (“humans are parasites on Earth”).
3. Renewable Industry: Hucksters profiting from subsidies and regulations.

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Part VI: Climate Hysteria as Justification

• Changing narratives:
• 1970s: “We are running out of oil!”
• 1980s+: “We have too much oil; burning it will destroy Earth!”
• Opposite reasoning, same conclusion: use less oil.
• CO₂ crisis claims:
• Hockey-stick charts, ocean acidification, sea level hysteria.
• None supported by long-term data (sea levels, temperatures, tree-line history).
• COVID lockdowns as natural experiment:
• Global emissions plunged, yet CO₂ concentration trends remained unchanged.
• Temperatures/climate showed no discernible impact.
• Key Point: Burden of proof lies on those advocating policies that would kill billions by dismantling hydrocarbon infrastructure.

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Part VII: Hydrocarbons Save Lives

• CO₂ emissions correlate with declining deaths from climate-related causes:
• Modern technology (housing, infrastructure, medicine) shields us from storms, floods, and extremes.
• Climate-related deaths today are <10% of what they were a century ago.
• Hydrocarbons are not destroying Earth’s climate; they are enabling humans to survive it better.

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Part VIII: Energy Economics — The Market for Power

• People don’t need abstract “energy.” They need power on demand:
• Bursts of concentrated energy at specific times/places (e.g., starting a car engine).
• Sunlight is infinite, but useless without costly technology to capture, store, and deliver it as high-power energy.
• Renewables fail because:
• They don’t match the marginal need for power.
• Conversion + storage (batteries) make them uneconomical.

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Part IX: The Consequences of Fiat Energy Policy

• Rising energy costs:
• Rich countries face blackouts and unreliable grids (Germany, UK, California).
• Poor countries are denied industrialization due to “green aid” restrictions.
• Stagnation in energy growth:
• Pre-1970s: ~2% annual growth in per-capita energy consumption.
• Post-1970s: Stalled — humanity consumes about the same as 50 years ago.
• Signs of regression:
• Aviation slower today than in 1960s–70s.
• Supersonic flight abandoned.
• Energy per capita plateaued.
• Industrial revolution’s trajectory reversed.

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Key Takeaways

1. Rising energy prices in the 1970s were caused by inflation, not embargoes.
2. Hydrocarbons = irreplaceable foundation of modern civilization.
3. Renewables are subsidy-driven scams, not viable substitutes.
4. Climate hysteria constantly shifts narratives but always pushes the same anti-energy agenda.
5. Hydrocarbons save lives by enabling resilience against nature.
6. Energy demand is about power at the margin, not abstract totals.
7. Fiat policies have stalled energy progress, reversed industrial gains, and made energy more expensive.
8. The only true “alternative” to hydrocarbons is poverty, cold, and darkness.

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The Fiat Standard — Lecture 9 (Fiat Science) • Study Notes

Overview

This lecture examines how fiat money distorts education and science. Just as fiat money corrupts food production and consumption, it also undermines schools, universities, and the scientific process by centralizing control, removing market feedback, and incentivizing politically convenient but false outputs.

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Part I: Fiat Schooling

The Case for Schooling

• On the surface, free schooling seems virtuous:
• Poor parents could ruin children’s chances.
• Education promises high returns.
• Printing a little money for universal literacy appears harmless.

The Problem with Fiat Funding

• When students don’t pay tuition, teachers become accountable to bureaucrats, not students.
• Government—not parents—becomes the “customer.”
• Schools turn into instruments of political loyalty, not centers of learning.
• Incentives mirror Mises’ critique of socialism: without profit and loss signals, capital is misallocated.

Results

• Costs: Government schools in DC spend ~$31k per student vs. ~$24k for private schools, yet underperform.
• Accountability: Students can’t be expelled, teachers can’t be fired.
• Perverse incentives: Teachers get paid regardless of results, students misbehave, learning collapses.
• In Egypt, students waste mornings in state schools, then pay the same teachers privately in the afternoon for real education—illustrating how value only emerges when payment and accountability exist.

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Part II: Fiat Universities

Illusion of “Private” Universities

• Even “private” universities depend on government:
• Research grants from agencies.
• Student loans subsidized by fiat credit.

What Universities Have Become

• Credential mills — degrees > learning.
• Debt traps — subsidized loans inflate costs, lifelong debts are inescapable.
• Political indoctrination camps — loyalty to bureaucratic agendas ensures funding.
• Country clubs — students treated to a lifestyle experience rather than skills.
• Corporate advertising arms — repeating sponsor propaganda.
• Make-work welfare for nerds — endless production of unread papers.

Subsidies → Overproduction

• Lowering loan costs causes too many students to attend.
• Universities cater to debt expansion, not skill-building.
• College becomes a consumer good (experience), not a producer good (skills).

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Part III: The Corruption of Science

From Learning to Publishing

• Professors judged on journal publications, not teaching.
• Administrators push faculty to publish, not to teach well.
• Journals = kingmakers of academic careers.

The Academic Publishing Cartel

• Built into a cartel by publishers like Elsevier and Wiley.
• Universities:
• Pay exorbitant subscription fees.
• Provide free labor: professors write, edit, and review without pay.
• Journals reap billions while producing little real knowledge.
• Founded by figures like Robert Maxwell (father of Ghislaine Maxwell).

Why This System Fails

• Publications measure quantity, not quality.
• Few papers are ever read.
• Incentive: “Get published, not get it right.”
• Inflation of journals and papers = mass production of meaningless output.

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Part IV: Fiat Science in Practice

Nutrition Science

• World Health Organization and others rely on weak association studies, ignoring confounding factors.
• Ancel Keys’ Seven Countries Study:
• Cherry-picked data, ignored 15 countries.
• Equated margarine with fat.
• Formed the shaky basis for anti-fat dietary dogma.
• Harvard Nutrition Dept. (Frederick Stare) heavily funded by sugar industry → demonized animal fats, promoted sugar and processed foods.

Why Fiat Science Doesn’t Self-Correct

• No market feedback.
• No bankruptcy for failed ideas.
• Endless supply of “scientific” journals to publish sensationalism.
• Results: industrial junk food pushed as healthy, leading to mass illness.

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Part V: The Science-Industrial Complex

Characteristics

• Science becomes captive to funding and political loyalty.
• Publications valued over truth.
• Sensationalism incentivized: apocalyptic predictions are rewarded.
• “The science” becomes ideology:
• Not experimentation, but dogma.
• Authority figures dictate commandments.

Historical Context

• Thermodynamics came after steam engines, not before.
• Aviation: Wright brothers succeeded while leading scientists said flight was impossible.
• Real innovation comes from engineers and tinkerers, not government-funded science.

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Key Takeaways

1. Schooling: Free fiat schooling disincentivizes real learning; accountability disappears.
2. Universities: Subsidized debt transforms universities into indoctrination camps and credential mills.
3. Publishing: Academic publishing is a cartel prioritizing output quantity over quality or truth.
4. Nutrition Science: Fiat science, funded by industrial interests, promotes harmful dietary dogmas.
5. The Science-Industrial Complex: Science has shifted from open inquiry to hysterical ideology, serving political and corporate interests.
6. True Progress: Real innovation comes from market-driven tinkering and engineering, not centrally planned fiat-funded science.

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