Elenchus

Elenchus (ἔλεγχος) is a method of questioning used by Socrates in dialogues, particularly as depicted by Plato, to test the consistency and validity of an interlocutor’s beliefs. It is a form of refutation that seeks to expose contradictions in someone’s reasoning, ultimately guiding them toward deeper self-examination or aporia (a state of puzzlement).

Key Aspects of Elenchus:

1. Questioning Assumptions – Socrates would begin by asking someone to define a concept, such as justice, virtue, or knowledge.
2. Logical Examination – Through a series of targeted questions, he would analyze the implications of their definition.
3. Exposing Contradictions – If inconsistencies arose, the respondent would be forced to recognize the flaws in their reasoning.
4. Aporia (Puzzlement) – Instead of providing direct answers, Socrates would leave his interlocutors in a state of doubt, prompting them to rethink their beliefs.

The Socratic method, as derived from elenchus, remains a fundamental approach in philosophy, law, and education, emphasizing critical thinking and the pursuit of deeper truths.