The Renaissance was a profound cultural movement that began in Italy during the late 14th century and spread across Europe over the next few centuries. This period marked a significant rebirth of art, literature, science, and philosophy. It was characterized by a renewed interest in the classical knowledge and aesthetic ideals of Ancient Greece and Rome, which contrasted sharply with the more religiously-focused Middle Ages.
During the Renaissance, there was an emphasis on human potential and achievements, expressed in the doctrine known as humanism. This led to innovations in a variety of fields, including the arts, where figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo pushed the boundaries of visual art, and literature, where writers like William Shakespeare profoundly shaped the modern English language.
The Renaissance also saw major developments in science and exploration, as exemplified by figures like Galileo Galilei and explorers like Christopher Columbus. This period set the stage for the modern era, profoundly influencing the course of Western history and culture.