After the death of Beethoven in 1827, composers began expanding the possibilities of music, moving away from the Classical ideals of balance, symmetry, clarity, humanism, and Enlightenment values. Beethoven, as a pivotal figure, represents a bridge between the Classical style and the Romantic attitude.
Key Points:
Early Beethoven: Influenced by Haydn, characterized by clarity and transparency.
Late Beethoven: Pushes formal constraints to their limits, showcasing a strong individual subjectivity.
Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony: Breaking the Mold
One of the most significant compositions in this transition is Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, a monumental work that combines an orchestra with soloists, a choir, and introduces new instruments like the trombone, piccolo, and contrabassoon.
What makes the Ninth Symphony groundbreaking?
Incorporation of solo and choral elements in a symphony.
Expanded orchestral palette with new instrumental colors.
Impact: Set a new standard for what a symphony could be, challenging future composers to explore new expressive possibilities.
“What do you do after a piece of music that completely throws open the doors? All bets are off.” — Reflection on Beethoven’s innovation.
Romanticism: A New Artistic Vision
The Romantic Composer as Visionary
The Romantic era redefined the role of the composer, moving beyond satisfying immediate audience demands to exploring deeper, more visionary ideas.
Characteristics of the Romantic Attitude:
Individual Subjectivity: Emphasis on personal expression and visionary concepts.
Detachment from Functionality: Music no longer tied strictly to church services, dance, or entertainment.
Vision for the Future: Composers like Beethoven saw their work as being understood by future generations, not necessarily their contemporaries.
Mysticism and the Sublime
The Romantic era introduced a focus on the mystical and the sublime, favoring ambiguity, mystery, and the acceptance of uncertainty. This contrasted with the empirical and rational focus of the Classical era.
“The artist might say, ‘Well, maybe later you will or maybe you won’t. But I still have to say what I have to say.'” — On the visionary role of the Romantic artist.
Negative Capability: John Keats’ Influence
English Romantic poet John Keats introduced the concept of negative capability, which became a central tenet in Romantic art.
“Negative capability… when man is capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason.” — John Keats
Implications for Music:
Art embraces ambiguity and mystery.
Departure from the need for clear rational explanations.
Acceptance of emotions and experiences that transcend logic.
Expansion of Instrumental Possibilities
With the rise of the Industrial Revolution, there were significant advancements in instrument building and music publishing.
Changes in Instruments:
Piano: Transitioned from wooden-framed to steel-framed pianos, allowing for a broader range and louder dynamics.
Woodwinds and Brass: Introduction of key mechanisms and valves expanded the chromatic range and flexibility.
Orchestral Growth: Composers now had access to orchestras with 120 instruments, allowing for richer and more diverse compositions.
New Virtuosity: Liszt and the Rise of the Genius Performer
Composers like Franz Liszt exemplified the Romantic emphasis on technical mastery and dramatic expression. His Étude Transcendentale showcases extreme difficulty, accessible to only a few elite performers.
“With that, you see the rise of this almost demonic extreme of virtuosity.”
The Role of the Audience and the Artist
The Romantic era saw a shift in the audience’s role:
Public Concerts became more common, making music accessible to a wider audience.
Music Publishing allowed compositions to be widely distributed.
Divergence in Audience Tastes: Some sought novelty, while others preferred the canon of great works from the past, leading to a museum-like culture in music.
The Romantic Ideal of Individual Expression
As music evolved, so did the concept of classical music itself, with composers like Beethoven becoming canonized figures in Western culture. This era saw a departure from the Common Practice Period, where a shared musical language united Europe.
Challenges for the Romantic Composer
Composers faced new pressures:
Competing with the Past: Artists were now compared to the achievements of Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven.
Isolation and Innovation: Romantic composers often operated on the fringes of societal norms, driven to create new forms of expression despite audience expectations.
Chromaticism and the Fraying of Tonality
The Romantic era’s emphasis on individual expression led to increasingly complex harmonies and chromaticism, challenging traditional musical structures.
Example: Chopin’s Prelude in E minor demonstrates a departure from clear tonal direction, embracing ambiguity and unpredictability.
“You start to see pieces that are just wandering all over the place chromatically, that no longer have a strong sense of direction.”
Conclusion: The Romantic Legacy
The Romantic era transformed music into a medium of deep individual exploration and spiritual elevation. It expanded the boundaries of musical expression, creating new challenges and opportunities for future composers. While Romanticism eventually gave way to modernism and other movements, its influence remains deeply ingrained in our cultural perception of the artist as a visionary.
“The artist is no longer merely continuing a tradition or a craft, but is, in fact, inventing the future.”
In the next lecture, we will explore how these Romantic ideals paved the way for modernism and the profound shifts in music that followed.
In today’s lecture series, we delve into the High Classical Style, a transformative period in Western music that emerged following the Baroque and set the stage for the Romantic era. Although these musical periods are often divided into distinct categories, it is important to approach them with flexibility. For instance, while the Classical period is generally considered to have begun after the death of Johann Sebastian Bach in the late 1700s, there is no exact dividing line between Baroque, Classical, and Romantic music.
What Defines the High Classical Style?
The High Classical style encompasses key shifts in musical aesthetics, guided by the values of the Enlightenment. This period emphasized simplicity, clarity, and emotional expression. Here are some defining characteristics:
1. Melody-Centric Composition
Melody takes center stage: Unlike the polyphonic textures of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, Classical compositions prioritize a clear and distinct melodic line.
Accompanimental figures: Often, a simple accompaniment supports a melody, such as the arpeggiated chords in a Mozart piano sonata.
This shift marked a move from the woven tapestry of polyphonic lines to a focus on a dominant melody with harmonic support.
2. Enlightenment Values in Music
Humanism: Classical music speaks directly to human emotions, placing the listener at the center of the artistic experience.
Rationalism and Clarity: Compositions are organized with symmetrical phrases and clear divisions between sections, reflecting the intellectual spirit of the time.
Dynamic Contrast: Classical music introduces a greater emphasis on contrast, using changes in volume and tone to create dramatic effects.
“The high Classical style dramatizes the tension between the stable and the unstable, the familiar and the exotic.”
The Rise of Dialectical Forms
One of the hallmarks of the Classical period is the emphasis on contrast and opposition:
Renaissance and Baroque music often maintain a continuous texture, with few drastic changes in tone or theme.
Classical compositions explore dialectical forms, where contrasting themes and harmonic regions are central to the music’s structure.
Tonal Tension: Tonality, the organization around a central pitch, allows for exploring tension and release. Composers could create drama by moving between stable and unstable harmonic regions.
Example: Sonata Form
Sonata form is central to Classical music and represents a structured exploration of contrast. It typically has three parts:
Exposition: Introduction of main themes, usually in two contrasting key areas.
Development: Exploration and transformation of the themes, creating harmonic tension.
Recapitulation: Return to the initial themes, offering a sense of resolution and unity.
This form exemplifies the Socratic dialogue in music, where contrasting ideas are presented and then synthesized into a cohesive whole.
A New Audience and New Venues
1. From Courts to Concert Halls
Throughout the Middle Ages and Baroque era, music was often composed for courts, churches, and monasteries.
The Classical period coincided with the rise of the middle class and a shift toward public concerts.
Music became more accessible: People could attend concerts in secular venues without needing access to aristocratic circles.
2. The Commercialization of Music
With a broader audience came new commercial opportunities for composers.
The printing of sheet music allowed composers to sell their works and reach audiences across Europe.
Unlike during Bach’s time, when only four of his works were published, composers like Haydn and Mozart could secure contracts with publishers and earn royalties.
“The Classical era transformed music into a commercial and public endeavor, laying the groundwork for the modern music industry.”
The Evolution of Instruments and the Orchestra
During the Classical period, instrumental music took on new dimensions:
The Orchestra: The classical orchestra became more standardized, with woodwinds, brass, and strings providing a wide range of colors and dynamics.
Dynamic Range: The development of crescendo and decrescendo techniques allowed for greater expressiveness.
Larger Concert Halls: Classical compositions were written for larger venues, creating music that was vivid and dynamic enough to fill these spaces.
Example: Beethoven’s Symphony No. 1
Beethoven’s symphonies, like his Symphony No. 1, showcase the dramatic contrasts and dynamic range characteristic of the period.
New expressive possibilities: The symphony became a means to explore a complete picture of human expression, moving through lyrical slow movements, lively dances, and powerful finales.
Classical Music’s Humanistic Philosophy
Humanism permeated the Classical era’s approach to composition:
The Dialectical Process: The idea of musical dialogue reflects the Socratic method—a process of reaching understanding through discussion and contrast.
Exploring Oppositions: Themes and harmonic regions are set in opposition, representing a musical conversation that evolves throughout a piece.
The Symphony as a Complete Human Experience: The symphony format embodies intellectual, emotional, and physical dimensions—with movements representing the mind, heart, and body.
“The Classical era sought to synthesize human experience through music, creating works that could resonate with the listener’s intellect and emotions alike.”
The Popular and the Savant: A Blend of Styles
During the Classical era, the popular and sophisticated styles of music merged:
Accessible Melodies: Classical compositions often drew from popular dances and folk melodies, making them immediately approachable.
Sophisticated Expression: Simultaneously, composers like Mozart imbued their works with high levels of technical mastery.
Operas: Mozart’s operas, such as The Marriage of Figaro, perfectly blend lighthearted, accessible music with deeply expressive and technically advanced composition.
Conclusion: The Lasting Impact of the High Classical Style
The High Classical style was a time of profound change in Western music. It marked a shift from the intricate polyphony of the Baroque to a melodic, accessible, and emotionally expressive form of music that resonated with a broad audience.
Key Characteristics:
Emphasis on melody and clarity.
Introduction of dynamic contrasts.
A focus on human emotions and Enlightenment values.
New venues and audiences transformed the way music was composed and performed.
Legacy: The Classical era laid the foundations for modern music, creating forms like the sonata and symphony that continue to define the Western musical tradition.
“The Classical period brought music out of the courts and into the concert hall, creating a new era of accessibility, emotional expression, and intellectual exploration.”
Key Takeaways
High Classical Style: Characterized by clarity, simplicity, and a focus on melody.
Sonata Form: A musical structure that dramatizes tension and resolution.
New Audience: Composers reached a broader, more diverse audience thanks to public concerts and music publishing.
Dynamic Expression: The period saw innovations in orchestration and dynamic range, creating more vivid musical experiences.
Blend of Styles: Merging the popular with the savant, the Classical era made music both intellectually rich and emotionally engaging.
This overview of the High Classical style shows how music evolved in response to social, cultural, and technological changes, leading to a new era of musical creativity and expression.
For many musicians, historians, and listeners, Johann Sebastian Bach stands at the summit of Western music. Bach’s contributions are not only immense in quantity but also unmatched in their depth, complexity, and beauty. This post explores the many dimensions of Bach’s genius, from his melodic and harmonic mastery to his contributions to music theory, pedagogy, and the practicalities of musical composition.
Why Bach?
Bach is not just another composer. Many consider him to be the pinnacle of musical achievement. What makes Bach so significant?
A Complete Worldview: His compositions are not only aesthetically beautiful but also reflect a comprehensive understanding of music, spirituality, and pedagogy.
Incomparable Breadth and Depth: From religious compositions like cantatas to instructional works such as the Inventions and Sinfonias, Bach’s output remains a foundation for both music practice and appreciation.
Influence on All of Music: While other composers have created individual works as profound as Bach’s, no other has had such a lasting influence on the fabric of Western music.
“All subsequent musicians, to some degree, owe something to Bach.”
Dimensions of Bach’s Genius
Bach’s work spans various aspects of music, each contributing to his enduring legacy:
1. Pedagogical Contributions
Bach wrote many compositions designed to teach and train musicians.
His works like the Well-Tempered Clavier and Inventions serve as textbooks for music theory and counterpoint.
These pieces guide students through the technical possibilities of instruments while nurturing musical sensitivity.
2. Theological Depth
Bach’s compositions, especially his cantatas and oratorios, reflect a deep integration of theology and music.
Many of his works were composed for the Lutheran Church and carry spiritual messages, often depicting the struggles and comforts of human existence.
For example, his cantata Gottes Zeit ist die Allerbeste Zeit (God’s time is the best time) offers reflections on mortality and divine timing.
3. Mastery of Counterpoint
Bach’s compositions are characterized by intricate polyphonic textures.
He excelled in counterpoint, the art of combining multiple independent melodies into a cohesive whole.
Even when composing for a solo instrument, he would create the illusion of multiple voices interacting with each other, as seen in his solo violin sonatas.
The Astonishing Work Ethic of Bach
One of the most incredible aspects of Bach’s career is his sheer productivity:
Weekly Cantatas: At one point in his life, Bach composed a new cantata almost every week, often around 20-25 minutes long.
Teaching and Performing: Beyond composing, he also taught music, performed regularly, and fulfilled duties as a church musician.
Family Life: Despite his enormous workload, Bach fathered 20 children, many of whom became musicians themselves.
“It’s astonishing. It actually causes a measure of disbelief. It doesn’t seem humanly possible.”
The Family of Musicians
Bach’s upbringing in a musical family played a crucial role in shaping his talents:
He came from a lineage of musicians in middle Germany.
Over 30 members of the Bach family were professional musicians.
This environment fostered a deep-rooted proclivity for musical understanding.
Bach and the Lutheran Reformation
The Lutheran Reformation significantly influenced Bach’s compositions.
The Reformation emphasized vernacular worship and active congregational participation, leading to the rise of chorales.
Bach often wove Lutheran hymns into his compositions, reflecting the cultural and spiritual life of his time.
The Fractal Nature of Bach’s Music
Bach’s music is often described as having a fractal quality:
Just like patterns in nature, Bach’s compositions reveal intricate structures at every level of magnification.
Microcosm and Macrocosm: Whether examining a single melody or the interplay of multiple voices, his works display a consistent, complex design.
This structural depth has been compared to the achievements of Shakespeare or da Vinci.
“You can look at Bach’s music at different levels of detail, and each layer reveals a new pattern, a new beauty.”
Examples of Bach’s Musical Techniques
1. Invertible Counterpoint
A technique where two musical lines can be flipped upside down, maintaining harmony regardless of which is on top.
Bach’s Inventions and Sinfonias are filled with these complex interplays.
2. Figured Bass and Improvisation
Bach utilized figured bass, a shorthand that allows performers to improvise harmonies over a given bass line.
This approach gave performers a degree of freedom and creativity, much like jazz musicians today.
Despite being of the Baroque era, Bach’s focus on polyphony and improvisation connects him to Renaissance traditions.
3. Polyphonic Textures
Bach’s music is rich with multiple layers and voices that work in harmony.
Even in solo pieces, such as those for the flute or violin, he creates a sense of latent polyphony, where a single instrument suggests multiple melodic lines.
The Cantatas: A Reflection of Human Experience
Bach’s cantatas represent a significant part of his output:
These compositions typically present a problem in the first half (e.g., the inevitability of death) and offer a resolution in the second.
The cantata Gottes Zeit ist die Allerbeste Zeit is an example of how Bach uses music to address existential concerns.
Through these works, Bach provides a musical narrative that is both profoundly spiritual and deeply human.
Conclusion: The Lasting Legacy of Johann Sebastian Bach
Bach’s music is as pragmatic as it is abstract, offering an incredible range of musical and emotional experiences. He was a master of polyphony, a pedagogue, a visionary composer, and a theologian who left behind a timeless legacy. Despite his deep roots in the Baroque era, his music continues to resonate with listeners and musicians around the world.
“To understand the music of Bach is to glimpse into the vast possibilities of what music can be—a synthesis of the spiritual, the intellectual, and the emotional.”
Bach’s influence remains evident in classical music, jazz, and even contemporary genres. His works are a reminder that art can transcend time, offering beauty and insight to generations far beyond its creation.
Key Takeaways
Bach’s Influence: Central figure in Western music, impacting generations of musicians.
Pedagogy: Wrote works designed to teach and push the boundaries of musical understanding.
Theological Integration: Deep connection between his music and Lutheran spirituality.
Innovative Techniques: Mastery of counterpoint, figured bass, and complex structures.
Humanist Themes: Cantatas often address universal human experiences and offer solace.
By understanding Bach’s music, we gain insight into the possibilities of art as a medium for expressing the deepest aspects of the human experience.
We previously discussed the distinctive elements of music in various cultures, and now we shift our focus to the evolution of music in the West. This guide outlines the chronology of Western music’s development, emphasizing the introduction of notation systems, the rise of theoretical frameworks, and the evolution of musical forms.
Challenges of Early Music Study
Lack of Early Notation: Before the Middle Ages, music notation was nonexistent or undecipherable. As a result, understanding music from ancient cultures like Greece relies on:
Descriptions of instruments (e.g., lyres, aulos).
Cultural context rather than musical specifics.
Development in the Middle Ages: The Middle Ages, spanning roughly 500 to 1500 AD, marks the era when notation and music theory began to take shape in the Western tradition.
The Role of Notation in Western Music
The Need for Notation
Why have music notation? Initially, music in medieval monasteries consisted of plainchant—unison chants of religious texts with melodic shapes. The reasons for this were:
Spiritual Function: Chanting provided a sense of spiritual elevation.
Mnemonic Aid: Associating melodies with words made memorization easier, like remembering song lyrics.
Neumatic Notation: The First Steps
Neumes: Early forms of music notation (9th century), used above texts to indicate vocal directions.
Not precise—no pitch indications like C or D.
Functioned as relative notation, indicating whether to raise or lower the pitch.
Challenges: Neumatic notation worked in localized settings but struggled across geographical distances due to its imprecision.
Advances in Music Theory: Guido of Arezzo
Guido of Arezzo was a pivotal figure in advancing music theory around the year 1000. His contributions include:
The Hexachord System: A six-note scale using syllables like ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la. This system is the precursor to the modern major and minor scales.
The Four-Line Staff: Introduced a more accurate way to fix notes in a spatial system, leading to the five-line staff used today.
Rhythmic Evolution and Mensural Notation
Plainchant Rhythms
Characteristics:
No rhythm or meter as we understand today.
Melodies followed the natural rhythms of speech.
Rhythmic Modes: Early forms of rhythmic notation based on patterns like:
Trochee (long-short)
Iamb (short-long)
Dactyl (long-short-short)
Mensural Notation: Precision in Rhythm
Concept: Divides larger beat units into halves (e.g., whole notes, half notes).
Impact: Enabled polyphony (multiple independent voices) and synchronized complex rhythms, revolutionizing Western composition.
Harmonic Development: Consonance and Dissonance
Concepts of Key and Tonality
Key: Refers to a central tone or scale around which a piece is structured (e.g., C major).
Harmonic Movement: The interplay between stable and unstable chords, such as the common I-IV-V progression in pop music:
I (tonic): Stability.
IV (subdominant): Intermediate stability.
V (dominant): Instability, leading back to the tonic.
Consonance vs. Dissonance
Consonance: Stability in intervals, often based on simple ratios (e.g., octave 2:1).
Dissonance: Tension or instability that seeks resolution.
Relative Nature: These concepts vary between musical traditions and over time.
Timbre: The Color of Sound
Defining Timbre
Timbre refers to the quality or color of a sound, differentiating instruments even when they play the same pitch. Example: A clarinet and a piano playing a low D sound distinctly different.
Changing Timbre with Intensity
As a musician increases the intensity, the timbre shifts, becoming either brighter or darker.
Jazz Example: Musicians like John Coltrane demonstrate timbral mastery through expressive playing on instruments like the tenor saxophone.
The Role of Space in Music
Acoustic Spaces: Sounds interact with the physical environment, influencing how they are perceived.
Spatial Dimension in Composition: Modern technologies like surround sound allow composers to manipulate how sound moves around listeners, adding a new dimension to music.
Form and Structure in Music
Form: Organizing Music Over Time
Form involves segmenting a piece into parts like introduction, verses, and choruses.
Repetition and Variation: Forms like ABA rely on returning themes for cohesion.
Structure: The Underlying Framework
Structure exists outside time, referring to the relationships between musical elements like scales and harmonic progressions.
Example: In Guillaume de Machaut’s palindromic piece “Ma fin est mon commencement,” structure creates an endless cycle, even if not immediately audible.
Texture: The Layout of Sound
Types of Musical Texture
Monophonic: Single melodic line (e.g., plainchant).
Homophonic: Melody with harmonic accompaniment (e.g., Mozart’s piano sonatas).
Polyphonic: Independent melodies played simultaneously (e.g., counterpoint in Baroque music).
The Interaction Between Parameters
Music involves a dynamic interaction of rhythm, melody, harmony, timbre, space, and form. These parameters have evolved and intertwined over centuries, shaping the rich tapestry of Western musical tradition.
This guide provides an in-depth overview of the development of Western music. By studying these concepts, you’ll gain a deeper understanding of how Western musical traditions evolved and how they continue to shape modern compositions.
This study guide explores the origins and evolution of Western music, focusing on the development of music notation, the role of medieval theory, and the emergence of rhythmic complexity. It covers key periods, concepts, and examples from the history of Western music.
The Origins of Western Music Notation
Early Music and the Challenge of Notation
Ancient Music: Knowledge of ancient Greek music is limited to descriptions and depictions of instruments like the lyre and aulos. There are no surviving recordings or precise notations.
Middle Ages: The Middle Ages (approx. 500-1500 AD) marked the development of Western music notation, essential for transmitting music across distances.
Why Notate Music?:
Early notations helped monks memorize religious texts by assigning melodies (plainchant).
Plainchant: A form of monophonic, unaccompanied singing, often used in religious contexts.
Neumatic Notation: The First Step
Neumes: Early notation symbols placed above text to indicate melodic contour.
Acutus: Indicates an upward melodic motion.
Gravis: Indicates a downward melodic motion.
Limitations:
Neumes did not specify exact pitches, making them challenging for unfamiliar audiences.
It required aural tradition for interpretation, limiting its geographic spread.
Evolution of Notation and Music Theory
Guido of Arezzo and the Birth of Precise Notation
Guido of Arezzo (c. 1000 AD): Credited with two major innovations:
Hexachord System: A six-note scale (ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la) that laid the groundwork for modern scales.
Four-Line Staff: Allowed notes to be placed on specific lines, bringing greater precision to notation.
Hexachord Characteristics:
Symmetrical structure: Two whole tones, a semitone, two whole tones.
The ut syllable later evolved into “do” in solfège.
The Guidonian Hand: A teaching tool that used the joints and tips of fingers to indicate specific notes, helping singers learn melodies without needing to read complex notation.
Modes and Medieval Tuning
Medieval Modes: Predecessors to modern scales, characterized by specific patterns of whole and semitones.
Tuning Systems: The layout of contemporary keyboards and scales was not inevitable but developed over time, influenced by theorists like Guido.
The Rise of Rhythm and Polyphony
From Rhythmic Modes to Mensural Notation
Rhythmic Modes: Early rhythm based on patterns of long and short notes, similar to metric feet in poetry (e.g., trochee, iamb, dactyl).
Mensural Notation: Developed in the late 13th century, allowing precise representation of rhythmic values.
Introduced divisive rhythm: Large beats divided into smaller units (e.g., whole notes, half notes).
Enabled the creation of polyphony: Multiple independent melodic lines that could be synchronized.
Polyphonic Complexity: Ars Subtilior
Ars Subtilior: A style of music from the late 14th century characterized by intricate rhythms and complex polyphony.
Codex Chantilly: A key collection of pieces showcasing the technical advancements of this period.
Example: “Fumeux fume par fumée” by Solage, a complex secular piece highlighting the expressive possibilities of mensural notation.
“The advent of mensural notation allowed composers to explore rhythmic independence and complexity that had never been possible before.”
The Shift from Medieval to Renaissance Music
Guillaume de Machaut: Symbolism and Complexity
Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300-1377): A major composer known for his intricate polyphonic compositions.
Example: “Ma fin est mon commencement” (My end is my beginning) is a palindromic piece, symbolizing cycles of rebirth through its musical structure.
Symbolism in Music: Composers used hidden meanings and rhetorical devices to add depth to their works, reflecting the philosophical and mystical influences of the time.
Importance of Space and Acoustics
Acoustic Spaces: Music was deeply influenced by the spaces in which it was performed, like cathedrals with their long reverberation times.
Impact on Composition: Composers wrote pieces that complemented the acoustics of large, resonant spaces, like Notre-Dame Cathedral.
Concepts in Music Theory: A Deeper Dive
Frequency, Timbre, and Noise
Frequency: The pitch of a sound, measured in hertz (Hz).
Harmonic vs. Non-Harmonic Sounds:
Harmonic: Consistent periodic vibrations (e.g., singing a vowel).
Non-Harmonic/Noise: Complex vibrations, typical of percussion instruments.
Timbre: The unique quality of a sound that distinguishes different instruments.
Rhythm: Structure vs. Flow
Meter: Regular pattern of strong and weak beats.
Examples: March rhythms (1-2-3-4) and waltz rhythms (1-2-3).
Rhythmic Flexibility: Musicians play ahead of or behind the beat to create expressive rhythms.
Divisive vs. Additive Rhythm:
Divisive Rhythm: Breaks larger beats into equal smaller units (e.g., Western classical music).
Additive Rhythm: Adds irregular beats together, creating complex patterns (e.g., Turkish and Balkan music).
Summary: The Legacy of Medieval Music Theory
Key Takeaways
Notation as Technology: Enabled the transmission of music across distances and time.
Polyphony and Complexity: Transformed Western music, allowing for multi-voice compositions.
Cultural Context: Medieval music was shaped by its religious, philosophical, and acoustic environment.
Rhythm and Freedom: The development of rhythmic notation allowed for more expressive musical forms, from plainchant to polyphonic masterpieces.
“Music notation evolved from a mnemonic tool to a precise system, enabling the rich polyphonic tradition that defines Western classical music.”
Recommended Study Topics
Explore recordings of medieval plainchant and polyphony.
Study the hexachord system and practice identifying solfège syllables.
Compare rhythmic modes with modern time signatures to understand their differences.
Listen to Ars Subtilior compositions to appreciate their rhythmic complexity.
Let this guide serve as a foundation for understanding the profound evolution of Western music and its lasting impact on the world of sound.
Music is more than an art form; it is a vital aspect of human culture and experience. This guide explores the significance of music, its cultural dimensions, and the skills required for deeper appreciation and understanding.
Music: A Discretionary Yet Essential Element
Music, like many enriching activities in life, is not necessary for survival, but it plays a crucial role in cultural and societal well-being.
Music is discretionary: It’s not essential for individual survival, but it enriches life.
Importance in society: Without music, society would lose a significant aspect of its cultural expression and emotional connection.
“Collectively, as a society, if we didn’t have music, our society would just shrivel up. That would be a catastrophe.”
The Art of Listening
The ability to appreciate music deeply is rooted in the skill of listening. Understanding the difference between passive hearing and active listening is fundamental to musical appreciation.
Key Concepts
Listening vs. Hearing:
Hearing is passive—automatic and unconscious.
Listening requires intention and focus, much like the difference between looking and seeing.
The Role of the Listener:
A skilled listener can perceive nuances in a piece of music, understanding its layers and depth.
Listening is essential for musicians, as it enables them to interpret and communicate music effectively.
“Listening is an art. It doesn’t just happen.”
Music as a Transcendental Experience
Music offers a unique way to connect with something beyond everyday life. It can evoke deep emotions and transport listeners beyond the physical world.
Functions of Music
Transcendence: Music helps listeners escape the constraints of time and space.
Connection: It has the power to touch the soul and alter perspectives.
Emotional Impact: Music can evoke a wide range of emotions, from joy to introspection.
“Music is an experience, not a commodity. It’s a way to transcend the everyday.”
Understanding Classical Music
The term classical music refers to a specific tradition within Western music that emerged as a formal concept in the 19th century. It contrasts with other musical forms like popular and folk music.
Differences Between Classical and Popular Music
Classical Music:
Written Tradition: Composers use notation to fix musical ideas, allowing for complex compositions.
Depth and Complexity: Notation enables intricate harmony and polyphony.
Popular Music:
Oral Tradition: Passed down through performance rather than written scores.
Accessibility: Easier to engage with, often requiring fewer technical skills.
“Paul McCartney can’t read music, yet he is one of the most successful composers in history.”
The Multi-Parametric Nature of Music
Music is composed of several fundamental parameters that contribute to its diversity and depth. Different musical cultures emphasize different aspects of these parameters.
The Four Parameters of Music
Frequency (Pitch): The highness or lowness of a note, often described through spatial metaphors.
Duration (Rhythm): The relative timing of notes, contributing to the pulse and flow of music.
Timbre: The unique quality of a sound that distinguishes different instruments.
Intensity: The loudness or softness of music, contributing to its dynamic range.
Cultural Perspectives on Music
Musical traditions around the world emphasize different parameters and styles, resulting in rich diversity. Here are a few examples:
Indian Carnatic Music
Focus: Highly ornamented melodies and complex rhythmic patterns.
Structure: Uses drones, intricate rhythmic cycles, and a melodic focus.
Example: Thyagaraja’s compositions reflect devotional themes and sophisticated melodic structures.
Indonesian Gamelan Music
Focus: Rich timbres from tuned percussion instruments like the gamelan.
Structure: Layers of repeating melodic fragments and intricate rhythmic patterns.
Cultural Role: Integral to communal life and traditional ceremonies.
West African Drumming
Focus: Complex, layered rhythms often performed in communal settings.
Structure: Percussion-focused, emphasizing polyrhythms and call-and-response.
Example: Wula drumming features intricate rhythms and a strong connection to dance.
The Unique Qualities of Western Music
Western music has historically focused on developing harmony and polyphony, creating a layered and complex sound. This tradition has been enabled by the development of written musical notation.
Key Concepts in Western Music
Harmony: Multiple tones played simultaneously, creating chords and chord progressions.
Polyphony: The interplay of multiple independent melodies, as exemplified in the works of J.S. Bach.
Notation: Allows for the preservation and precise communication of musical ideas.
“You notice that there are two melodies going on simultaneously in that piece… The dialogue is happening within one person who has to play both parts.”
Expanding Musical Horizons
A willingness to explore new musical styles and genres can significantly deepen one’s appreciation of music.
Why Expand Your Musical Palette?
Avoiding Familiarity: Sticking to known music can limit personal growth.
Curiosity and Openness: Trying new genres can reveal unexpected beauty.
Personal Growth: Exploring diverse musical traditions can broaden one’s perspective.
“You could be a hugely expanded individual, and music can help that to happen.”
Summary: The Inexhaustible Nature of Music
Music is a complex and multi-layered art form that continues to offer new experiences, even with repeated listening. It transcends cultural boundaries while maintaining deep roots in each tradition.
Key Takeaways
Music is both abstract and embodied: It draws from physical rhythms yet touches the soul.
Listening is a learned skill: Intention and focus are key to appreciating music.
Cultural context matters: Understanding a music’s origins can enhance the listening experience.
“Music is a disturbance in the air, made of patterns that are hard to describe but deeply felt.”
Final Thoughts: Embracing the Depth of Music
While this guide has focused primarily on Western music, it encourages exploration of diverse musical traditions. By delving into the complexities of rhythm, melody, harmony, and cultural context, listeners can unlock new levels of appreciation for the world of sound.
What to Explore Next
Study Musical Notation: Learn the basics of reading music to better understand classical compositions.
Listen to Global Traditions: Explore recordings from Indian, Indonesian, and African musical cultures.
Practice Active Listening: Focus on different musical elements like timbre or rhythm during your next listening session.
“I believe that music is one of the most profound things that we have in our culture. It reaches extremely deep. It can touch your soul. It can completely change your worldview.”
Let this guide be a starting point for a deeper journey into the world of music.
The word nature originates from the Latin natura, meaning birth, character, or constitution. Natura stems from the verb nasci, which means to be born. In classical Latin, it referred to the inherent qualities or essential properties of things, encompassing the natural world and the processes of life and growth. This root connects to ideas of creation, emergence, and the fundamental qualities that define living and non-living things. Over time, nature came to denote the physical world, encompassing all plants, animals, landscapes, and phenomena not created by humans.
Biophilia
The word biophilia is derived from two Greek roots: bio- (βίος), meaning life or living, and -philia (φιλία), meaning love or affection. It was popularized by the psychologist Erich Fromm in the 1960s and later by biologist E.O. Wilson in the 1980s. Fromm used it to describe the human tendency to be attracted to all that is alive and vital, while Wilson expanded it to refer to humanity’s innate affinity for the natural world and living organisms. The term reflects the idea that humans have a deep, instinctual connection to life and nature.
Finding Joy in Nature and Photography
Biophilia: The Love of Life
Why photograph nature? Why spend time in it? Why nature? I’m filled with biophilia, the love of life and living things. From the black squirrels unique to Fairmount Park to the deer that roam freely, there’s a joy in seeing creatures that few in the concrete jungle of Philadelphia get to experience.
“I feel like not many people in the city of Philadelphia can wake up in the morning and say that the first thing they saw was a deer.”
Aligning with Nature
There’s something profoundly grounding about being in nature—the open space, the fresh air, the rustling leaves. It’s a world far from the chaos of city life, yet full of life itself.
Birds chirping
Leaves rustling
Fresh air filling the lungs
These simple elements make nature a place where I thrive.
The Magic of Nature Photography
“Nature is good. God is good.” Photography in nature offers infinite novelty. Each walk brings a new scene as the seasons shift. Red, orange, and yellow leaves fall, decay, and transform the landscape.
Black and White Photography: Abstracting the world through black-and-white photography can turn simple elements into something ethereal.
“When you go really close, using macro mode, and you get really close to leaves or natural things, they almost become like these grand landscapes.”
Nature as a Source of Joy
Spending time in nature is a simple yet profound way to find joy. Yesterday, I walked along the Schuylkill River Trail, where city meets nature. It’s a space where you can do street photography while still aligning with the rhythm of nature. And as the sun lowers during the winter months, being by the riverside allows me to bask in the sunlight—a source of joy and vitality.
Goethe and the Ubermensch
“Here we have Goethe… the first Ubermensch.” Nietzsche admired Goethe, seeing him as an embodiment of the Ubermensch. This connection to greatness ties into my time in nature. Being alone in these spaces is when I feel “peak flourishing,” like watching the TV of life where leaves wiggle and fall.
Disconnecting for Meaning
“Try it out. Go to a park… spend at least an hour alone on a nature path without any phones, technology, whatever, and see what that does.”
There’s value in disconnecting from the noise of daily life and immersing oneself in the natural world. It provides clarity and a sense of belonging, a reminder that joy can be found in the simplest of moments.
Conclusion: Embracing Nature for Happiness
Nature has a unique ability to remind us of the beauty in simplicity. From the joy of spotting a deer to capturing the changing seasons with a camera, these moments connect me to life in a deeper way. Whether it’s in the city or along the river, there’s always a reason to look up, breathe in, and find joy in the natural world.
The etymology of “Jerusalem” is complex, with roots in ancient languages. It is derived from the ancient Semitic word “Yerushalayim” (ירושלים in Hebrew). The first part, “Yeru” (ירו), is thought to mean “foundation” or “city.” The second part, “Shalem” (שלם), is often interpreted as “peace” or “completeness,” stemming from the root “shalom” (שלום), which means “peace.”
Thus, the name Jerusalem is sometimes translated as “City of Peace” or “Foundation of Peace.” However, the interpretation can vary, as the term also has connections to early references like “Urušalim” or “Urushalim” in ancient Akkadian, used by the Egyptians and Canaanites, meaning “City of Shalem.” Shalem was likely a Canaanite deity, which suggests that the name could have originally referred to a divine patronage of the city.
Firstly, writing is completely new to me, and something that I have only been doing for a year and a half now.
iA Writer + iPhone + Voice Dictation
I write down random notes the day before throughout my walk. The next morning when I wake up, I go for a walk along the river trail for an hour, and I use iA Writer to craft a stream of consciousness essay and publish to my blog through a post and PDF file. I also use ChatGPT to ask questions while I write, and correct my grammar.
I think the biggest thing to highlight about this workflow is that I do it while walking in nature. I cannot write while sitting down at a keyboard and computer. I appreciate the stream of consciousness approach and not taking it too seriously.
I recently finished reading The Will to Power by Friedrich Nietzsche. One of the concepts covered in the book is the idea of the eternal recurrence, or the eternal return.
How would you choose to live your life, if you knew that you must repeat the same emotional states, responses, and experiences, over and over again?
This question becomes existential as a life on loop can seem daunting to most. Think of Sisyphus, pushing his rock uphill, only to have it roll back down over and over again. His fate was pain, and suffering, but he learned to accept and love that fate.
Amor Fati
The love of fate.
What is the inevitable fate and outcome of every human life?
Death
If this is the inevitable fate of our lives, perhaps we must learn to accept and love it now.
Memento Mori
We must remember that we will die. This is non-negotiable. I believe that this is what sets everything else into perspective in life. When I remember that I must die, I remind myself to live each day like it is my last. What this means is, I champion every fleeting moment, every feeling, all of the stimuli, the sounds, smells, sights, and experiences that I have on a daily basis. I only focus on doing things that I truly enjoy or find meaning in doing.
Be Willing to Fail
Fear holds us back from achieving the goals that we set out to accomplish. We fear failure, rejection, and hesitate to even start doing things. As a street photographer, I love failure. For failure is the name of the game, as 99% of the time I set out with my camera, I know that I will make a “bad” picture. By accepting this fate, the inevitable outcome that I will fail, I find joy and meaning in the process itself. Through producing more photographs, I enter a state of Zen-like bliss, living in the moment, and appreciating the now.
How to Achieve Zen Bliss?
In this modern world with so many distractions, from the news, media, text messages, emails, advertisements, etc. It becomes more and more difficult to achieve Zen bliss. However, there are some very simple things we can do to eliminate these distractions and find peace and tranquility amongst the chaos of modern life. Some of these include:
Stop watching the news
Stop using social media
Stop watching TV/movies
Stop texting/email
It’s actually quite simple to achieve Zen bliss because all of the problem derives from the weapon of mass distraction that sits in your front right pocket, the iPhone. The iPhone provides us with creative tools, such as writing, like I am right now, or even using ChatGPT, to learn, but I find them to be more negative than positive.
I believe the quickest way to achieve bliss is through subtracting the superfluous. As a photographer, consider composition, and whether you photograph using black-and-white or color. Lately, I’ve been enjoying the high contrast, black-and-white aesthetics, and more minimalist approach to composition. By simplifying my process, I’m achieving this flow state of production, and I satisfy my creative urges by creating simple pictures. One practical suggestion is to always carry a camera with you, such as the Ricoh GRIII, as it can fit in your front right pocket, in replacement of the iPhone. The goal is simple:
Produce more than you consume
I find that through production, I remain focused on what is most critical in my life, that being creating art and photographs. Lately, if I’m not photographing, I like to think and write down notes or make essays using iA Writer on my iPhone, using voice dictation. There are so many new ways that we can create, and I believe we are living in this new age of a digital Renaissance, where the power to produce has never been so simple before. As much as it is easy to produce, it’s even easier to consume, so let’s be mindful of our consumption habits, eliminate more distractions, and focus on production as our primary goal.
Don’t Fear Change
In 2022, I decided to make a big change with my photography, switching to photographing in black-and-white instead of color. This took a lot of balls if I’m being honest, as I became very comfortable with my previous process. To destroy my old ways, habits, and process of doing things, I’ve created anew.
Through embracing change, and rediscovering my passion and love for photography, I feel like a kid again. I believe our goal should be to increase our curiosity by one percent each day. In order to achieve this, perhaps change is necessary, and embracing it openly.
Why Perfectionism is Overrated
Perfectionism is overrated because it holds people back from doing more things. Why not just start now?
Life is not perfect, nobody is perfect, the world is not perfect, and we should recognize this, and love it. The imperfect nature of life is actually what makes it so beautiful. Whether you find beauty in the mundane, the weather and decay of flowers, the rusted walls, the fleeting moments, the ups, the downs, and the aesthetic frenzy and chaos of urban life, it all becomes meaningful.
As much as order can be comforting, what if we chose to find peace in the chaos?
I thrive in chaos, danger, and the unknown. I simply let the chips fall as they may, embracing the spirit of play, every single day. Why?
Life is too short to be a bore. Find beauty in your flaws, and the imperfect nature of this universe. Learn to laugh at yourself, and love your imperfection.
Laugh in the Face of Chaos
When I consider chaos, I recognize its importance in my life as a street photographer. The street is like an arena, and you never know what you can find out there. Any moment could be your last, and Philadelphia is full of chaos. The sound of cars honking their horns, people screaming, begging, and fighting, are some of the sights and sounds I hear every day I walk outside with my camera.
“One must still have chaos in oneself to be able to give birth to a dancing star.” – Friedrich Nietzsche
As much as chaos is all around me, I too am full of this frenzy, deep within my soul. This frenzy, this ecstatic state is necessary when producing new photographs.
I like to treat the streets as my playground, dancing upon it, sort of like I’m an actor upon a stage. While the world is a stage, and we are all actors, I too am the conductor of the play, the drama, that unfolds on the street corner. The spontaneous nature of life excites me. The way people converge on a street corner, through movement, is beautiful to the eyes of a street photographer. The unpredictability, the spontaneity, the chaotic frenzy that lives and breathes on every street within any urban environment, becomes my canvas to draw upon.
Share Your Joy with Others
If you feel good, happy, or joyful, perhaps we should allow this overwhelming feeling that flows through us, to pour outwards, into the lives of others. Because I find so much joy and meaning through photography, while I am walking through the city streets, I typically always have a smile on my face, laughing at any chance I can. I enjoy chatting with strangers, holding the door open for others, and just being a bright star in any environment that I enter. Not to share your joy with others, I believe is something small, that can go a very long way. We should strive to be, enjoy, so that we can uplift the lives of other people. I enjoy jokes, and just not taking myself so seriously in general.
Be a Bright Star
Think about when you were a kid, and you would play games. We played the games voluntarily, and we were not forced to do so. I think the problem with modern life is that we are all involuntarily playing the game, against our will, and this dampens the human spirit. We become more rigid, serious, and less joyful because of this. We become more neurotic or anxious about the future, money in a bank account, or potential negative outcomes. However, embracing this spirit of play, voluntarily, every day can be beautiful, and you will be filled with this joyful and abundant sensation, that pours out of you, into the air, into the world around you.
How to Control Your Anger
Anger is a very normal emotional response, especially as a man, with testosterone. I believe that with lower testosterone, you become petty, and more easily upset or angry. On the contrary, with higher testosterone, it is much easier to control your anger. We should start to think more critically about our physiology, hormones, and the effects this has on our emotional state of being.
Some simple solutions I found to controlling my anger, mood, and overall emotional state of being:
100% carnivore diet
8-10 hours of sleep
Daily weightlifting
Walking and standing throughout the day
Maximum sun exposure
I think men are very simple and require our bodies to be physical, engaged, with muscles firing throughout the day. When I contemplate this notion of depression, I think of the idea of a physical body being depressed, simply lower than.
Depression Latin Roots:
“De-”: A prefix meaning “down” or “away.”
“Premere”: A verb meaning “to press.”
Considering the root etymology of the word, depression, meaning to press down, or away, perhaps we should strive to go upwards, and move our bodies onwards.
Movement is Medicine
The solution to regulating your mood is very simple and requires real medicine, such as meat and movement. Have you ever met somebody who is depressed, that walks 15 miles per day?
I would find this hard to believe, as there is so much novelty, entropy, and randomness that exist throughout a long day of walking. This stimuli sparks new neural pathways within the brain, which in turn, affects the physiological effect on our bodies. Through movement, endorphins are released, cortisol levels are reduced, and your mood becomes regulated. My solution is actually to just never sit during the day. Anytime I am sitting during the day, my body responds through yawning, becoming sluggish, tired, or even feeling brain fog. However, while I am moving, standing, in the outdoors, in the fresh air, under the sunlight, I feel bliss.
The reason why I find meat to be so critical in my diet is that the more fat and cholesterol I consume, the more my body is being provided with the raw materials needed to synthesize testosterone. With increased testosterone, increased muscle mass, strength, and an overall improved and healthy lifestyle follow. Meat has become my medicine, and I have eliminated all other food groups from my life. I enjoy fasting throughout the day, and eating as much red meat as I can before going to sleep, as this provides me with the vitality that I need to get through each day, with an elevated state, filled with power and strength.
Strong Body, Strong Soul
I believe that our body is our soul. With this in mind, maybe we should be more critical about the things that we import to our bodies. Maybe the most critical thing to consider is what we remove from our bodies, through subtracting more. By eliminating processed junk food, sugary beverages, such as soda, or alcohol, and other toxins like cigarettes or smoking, we can create a stronger body and a stronger soul.
I also believe that the things that we consume will have a negative impact on the beauty of our bodies. Think of cigarettes, and the effects it has on your skin, or the color of your fingernails. Eating junk, and consuming toxins, you create a toxic body and an ugly soul. Contemplate the things that you consume more, or even better what we don’t consume, and how what we do, and don’t do, shape not only our bodies but our soul itself.
Always Evolving
Every day is a new day to evolve, to become one percent more curious and courageous.
Let’s live a life of vigor, power, and fuel our days with vitality. Let’s champion this moment, right here, right now, and find new ways to thrive in the mundane. Personally, the camera is my superpower, as the world becomes my canvas to draw upon, and photography gives my life meaning. When you find the thing that affirms your life, whether it is a job, the creation of art, a lover, family, etc., it becomes easier to accept our fate, no matter the outcome.
If we feel anger, sorrow, or joy, let’s embrace it openly, as a critical aspect of human life. The ups, the downs, the pleasure, and the pain will help us evolve through change. Change is good, and I do not seek to be complacent. I seek movement, creation, and chaos as a way for me to evolve. When I think of the most primal instinct of the human, being production, to produce, to get, to create anew, through birthing new children, and spreading our DNA throughout the universe, it reminds me to do as much as I can while I’m alive to evolve. While this primal instinct becomes a way for humans to survive, let’s seek to evolve, to go beyond this mere notion of survive, but thrive!
Firstly, this has been the biggest life hack that I’ve ever found. I never feel hungry throughout the day, and I’m always fueled with energy and satiated. This saves a lot of time when it comes to cooking, prepping, and even deciding what groceries to buy. Now that I strictly eat 100% red meat, the decision is simple. Over the past year, I’ve become insanely strong. I practice 24-hour fasting every day and only eat one meal at night. How to look like a Spartan? Go carnivore.
Meat is Medicine
Over this past year, I haven’t felt sick once. Not a single cold, stomach bug, or any other symptoms of poor health. What I’ve learned is that meat is a healing food product. By eliminating all other foods, I’ve allowed my body to thrive on a simple, pure diet. This clarity has been life-changing.
“A life of vitality is the only life worth living.” Through my carnivore journey, I’ve found a sense of vigor that I never experienced before. When you feel truly alive, you realize that most modern comforts are only distractions from your potential.
Perfect Gut Health
One misconception I believe people have about eating red meat is that it will negatively impact digestion. This is false. I have perfect digestion every morning at the same time, like clockwork. I literally never have gas or flatulence. This is because the elimination of all carbs, sugars, and dairy has strengthened my gut.
Remember: The connection between your gut and your brain is critical. If your gut is upset, it’s inevitable that you will become upset too. By optimizing my diet, my gut health has improved my cognitive function and my ability to learn and think clearly.
The gut-brain axis is a complex communication pathway that involves the nervous system, immune system, and hormones. Key points include:
Nervous System Connections: The vagus nerve transmits signals between the gut and the brain.
Microbiome Influence: Gut bacteria can affect brain health by producing neurotransmitters.
Immune System Interaction: Gut health impacts the immune system, which can in turn influence brain health.
Hormonal Pathways: The gut produces hormones that affect brain function, like hunger and stress hormones.
Mental Health Implications: Research suggests a link between gut health and conditions like depression and anxiety.
Understanding this connection has not only improved my physical well-being but has also enhanced my mental clarity and emotional stability.
Real Strength is Made in the Kitchen
Strength isn’t just built in the gym; it’s built in the kitchen. One notion that has been on my mind recently is this idea of hypertrophy—exceeding your nutritional intake with the maximum amount of red meat per day. This allows you to gain muscle and lose fat simultaneously.
Forget about protein powders and supplements. The real deal is within the meal.
The etymology of “hypertrophy” comes from the Greek words “hyper” (over) and “trophē” (nourishment or growth). It literally means “excessive growth,” which perfectly describes the muscle-building potential of a carnivorous diet. When you fuel your body with quality meat, you’re providing it with the best foundation for strength and growth.
Cholesterol is a Natural Steroid
Cholesterol can be considered a natural steroid. It’s a building block for the synthesis of vital hormones like testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol. Cholesterol plays a crucial role in forming cell membranes and synthesizing vitamin D. By consuming red meat, I ensure that my body has the raw materials it needs to function optimally.
“The more cholesterol you consume, the more sunlight you absorb.” As you increase your intake of red meat and spend time in the sun, your body synthesizes more vitamin D, boosting your overall vitality.
Eating Meat Makes You More Beautiful
When you combine sun exposure, walking, weight lifting, fasting, deep sleep, and the carnivore diet, you become more beautiful. Not only will your skin clear up and your body fat decrease, but you’ll also develop a natural, sun-kissed complexion. This is a stark contrast to the pale skin that often comes from a lack of sunlight and poor diet.
Vitamin D synthesis and cholesterol are closely linked. Many people stay indoors too much and don’t eat enough nutrient-rich foods like red meat, leading to poor health and vitality.
Testosterone and Joy
Since going carnivore, I’ve been insanely confident and joyous. It’s incredible how happy you become by simply getting enough protein and sun exposure. I have an abundance of joy that I want to share with others. I can’t help but smile throughout the day, compliment others, and take in every moment.
I believe that the higher your testosterone, the more kind and gentle you become. With high testosterone, you are calm and filled with candor. Nothing really bothers you anymore, and you can easily brush things off.
My street photography and artistic practices have also improved because of my dedication to focusing on my physiology. A strong body fosters a strong mind and soul, and this has translated into stronger artwork.
Embracing a Primal Lifestyle
Traveling to places like Jericho, I learned about the idea of sacrifice and fasting. In Jericho, during a celebration, I witnessed a communal sacrifice where hundreds of sheep were slaughtered. It was a return to ancient rituals and a connection to something primal. This experience, along with my time in Zambia, taught me the value of fasting and the power of gathering to feast on meat in the evening.
In modern urban life, we’ve become domesticated, like zoo animals. Most people snack throughout the day, consuming processed foods that lead to a decline in vitality. However, through fasting, I remain laser-focused with sharp visual acuity, especially when photographing. My intuition feels stronger, and the hunger within fuels my creativity.
The Power of Elimination
Think of the carnivore diet as an Elimination Diet. You’re removing all the unnecessary choices and focusing on what truly fuels your body: animal-based protein. This simplicity allows you to go through life with clarity, vigor, and purpose.
After a day of fasting, the evening meal is a celebration of strength. A feast that fuels not only the body but the mind and spirit.
By treating my body as a battery, I ensure it’s charged through proper nourishment and sun exposure. At the end of the day, after being in the sun and pushing my body, I unwind with a hearty meal and deep sleep. This routine sets me up for success, waking up before dawn filled with vitality.
Why Does This Matter to Me?
I believe that the body is democratic. With a little bit of discipline, anybody and everybody can become beautiful, strong, and healthy. I encourage you to reflect upon the foods that you consume and your daily physical activity. At the end of the day, I want everyone to thrive together.
“Maybe a little bit of discipline can go a long way.” Through eliminating distractions and focusing on what truly matters, you can unlock your potential.
Strong body, strong mind, strong soul! I understand that I cannot change others’ decisions, but I am happy to share my experiences with the hope that it inspires others to find their own path to vitality.
Embrace the Simplicity, Embrace the Freedom
Through my journey on the carnivore diet, I’ve learned that true freedom comes from the elimination of choice. It’s about removing the clutter and finding joy in simplicity. I believe that this path has allowed me to connect more deeply with my body, my art, and the world around me.
So, to all those curious about the path of vitality, I say: embrace the simplicity. Let go of what holds you back and find strength in the primal, the ancient, the raw. For in doing so, you may just find the freedom you’ve been seeking.
Photography allows us to explore the mundane in new and interesting ways. It gives endless meaning to life and treats the world as a canvas. The camera is a tool that fuels curiosity and courage, turning everyday scenes into extraordinary moments.
The Canvas of Life
In the vast canvas of life, where every corner, every street, and every face tells a story, it is easy to overlook the mundane, the routine, the seemingly insignificant. Yet, it is in these overlooked moments that I find the most profound beauty and meaning. As a photographer, my camera serves not just as a tool, but as a key to unlock the endless mysteries hidden in plain sight. It is my companion in a quest to transform the ordinary into the extraordinary, to find infinite meaning in what many might consider meaningless.
Every photograph I make is a question. I hold my camera up to my eye and wonder, “What will reality manifest to be in a photograph?”
The Quest for Wonder
Photography, to me, is not just about capturing what is seen. It is about exploring, questioning, and understanding. It is a medium through which I navigate the world, with each photograph posing a new question, a new curiosity. This relentless pursuit of wonder allows me to embrace the mundane in novel ways, finding joy and significance in the routine, the everyday, the overlooked.
“How courageous can one be in a lifetime?” The question isn’t about the photograph itself but about the courage and curiosity it took to make it.
When I photograph a scene as simple as a train moving by, I see it as a new opportunity each day. I can make a photograph of this train every single day in a new way. By opening my mind to the infinite possibilities, I unlock new creative potential.
A Day on Repeat
Living the same day on repeat might sound like a daunting prospect, yet with a camera in hand, it becomes an opportunity to thrive. For an artist, any tool—a paintbrush, a pencil, a microphone, or a camera—becomes a superpower, a means to give life endless meanings. To treat the world as an open canvas is to embrace each day with curiosity and courage, to see the ordinary through an extraordinary lens.
Can you live the same day on repeat and still find joy? With a camera, the answer is yes. It allows me to see each moment anew, even if it’s the same routine.
Philadelphia, with its walkable streets and diverse locations, provides the perfect backdrop for my street photography. It is a city that invites you to bear witness to its life, to be both a bystander and an active participant in the unfolding stories around you. Photography opens up the possibility to find joy and meaning in life itself, to continuously push one’s boundaries, and to embrace every moment with an open heart and mind.
The Art of Exploration
This journey of exploration and discovery is not confined to the act of photography itself but extends to how we present ourselves at the forefront of life. It is about experimentation, tinkering, playing, and innovating—much like a child lost in the wonder of their imagination. Childhood is the goal, a state of mind that keeps the creative spirit alive. My photographs are a stream of becoming, a constant evolution of perspective and creativity, allowing me to forever see the world anew.
Forget everything you think you know. Go out, go slow, and let the world unfold before your lens. This is the essence of being a photographer and an explorer.
The Ultimate Luxury
The true luxury, the ultimate privilege, is to be outside, to walk, to explore, and to use whatever tools we have at our disposal to delve deeper into the essence of life. For me, that tool is my camera—my little magic box—that allows me to capture the beauty of a train moving by or a boat passing beneath me. Even when life can feel meaningless, photography provides a sense of purpose.
Photography is a tool to remain curious about what reality will manifest to be in a photograph. It’s a way to turn the ordinary into the extraordinary, to make life feel full of possibility.
I believe that the world is an open canvas, and each day is an opportunity to create something out of nothing. As artists, we have the power to turn even the most mundane moments into something meaningful. This is the gift of being a photographer—finding meaning where others might see none.
Infinite Possibilities
As photographers, as artists, we have the power to open our minds to the infinite possibilities that life offers. In a world filled with endless distractions and indulgences, the act of creating something out of nothing, of championing humanity through our medium, is truly powerful.
The greatest gift that mankind can leave behind is our wonderful works of art. To be an explorer, a creator, and a photographer is to contribute to the legacy of those who came before us.
Photography is not just about the images we make; it’s about maintaining an insatiable interest in life, in finding the extraordinary in the ordinary, and in leaving behind a legacy of our explorations and discoveries.
Embrace the Journey
In the end, there are no good or bad photographs. There is only the journey, the exploration, and the endless quest to capture the essence of life itself. To all my fellow photographers and creatives, I say: embrace the mundane with curiosity and courage. Go out, go slow, and let the world unfold before your lens. For in doing so, we not only capture moments, we capture life.
I believe photography provides an experience unlike any other form of making art. You move your physical body through the world, explore, and use a tool that is accessible to all—a camera. The fact that anyone can make pictures, even with something as simple as an iPhone, is a powerful notion because photography is a democratic medium. It’s an art form that welcomes everyone, without the need for years of training or specialized skills.
Photography is supreme because it is based on reality and accessible to all.
The Joy of Exploration
My first passion is to explore, whether with the camera or without. The camera is merely the excuse for me to continue moving my body through the world. Photography gives me deeper meaning in my life. This is why I believe photography is so great—it offers an opportunity to uplift humanity and provides a deeper understanding of the world through exploration.
Photography turns walking into a purpose. It’s more than just pressing the shutter; it’s about engaging with your surroundings, feeling the air on your skin, and letting your eyes guide you.
Every step taken with a camera is a step closer to understanding life in all its forms. Photography allows you to wander with intention, transforming ordinary streets into pathways of discovery.
Pure Curiosity
With the camera, you’re merely curious about what reality will manifest to be in a photograph. You point the camera at things that you find interesting or beautiful, and exclude the rest of the world outside of the frame. Photography is all about channeling your inner curiosity and focusing on the things that catch your eye.
A photograph is an instant sketch of life. It depicts what reality means to you and becomes a personal representation of your soul. The magic of photography lies in the ability to see something ordinary and recognize its potential to become extraordinary.
Here’s why curiosity is essential in photography:
It keeps you exploring new angles and perspectives.
It drives you to ask questions about the world and its details.
It allows you to find beauty in the unexpected.
What will reality manifest to be in a photograph? This question guides every shot I take. It’s the thrill of not knowing, of seeing what emerges when you press the shutter.
The Democratic Nature of Photography
Unlike ancient traditions like marble sculpture or oil painting, photography is a medium that requires no specialized training. This accessibility is what makes it so special. It means that anyone, regardless of background or skill level, can pick up a camera and create something meaningful. The bar to entry is low, and that’s a good thing.
Photography is inclusive: It welcomes all who are willing to explore and see the world through a lens.
It’s immediate: You don’t need years of practice to start creating. A click, and you’ve captured a moment forever.
It’s ever-evolving: With new technology and digital tools, photography is constantly changing, keeping the art form dynamic.
In a world where so many forms of art are becoming increasingly niche, photography stands as a reminder that beauty can be found and shared by anyone.
The World of Dante
Photography, for me, is not just about creating images; it’s about building a deeper connection with the world. It’s about seeing the unseen and appreciating the fleeting moments that define our lives. Through photography, I find a sense of purpose, a reason to keep exploring, and a way to channel my curiosity.
A photograph is more than just an image; it’s a way of saying, “This matters to me.”
That’s why I believe photography is the best art form. It’s not just about the pictures themselves, but the process of making them—the act of seeing, the joy of discovery, and the thrill of capturing reality. Photography is my lens into the world, and I can’t imagine life without it.
What defines success? I believe a successful street photographer is someone who is simply making new pictures. To be in a state of production is the ultimate goal. I often get bored when I look back at my old photographs because I’m always looking for something new. At the end of the day, we want to focus on longevity and making pictures for the rest of our lifetime.
How can we achieve this? Here are three key traits to becoming a successful street photographer that will keep you going back out there for more.
Curiosity
The etymology of curiosity traces back to Latin and Middle French origins. It comes from the Latin word curiositas, meaning “carefulness” or “inquisitiveness,” derived from curiosus, meaning “careful” or “curious.” This Latin term is related to cura, meaning “care.”
The evolution of the word reflects a blend of careful attention and a desire to learn or know more.
First and foremost, curiosity is key. When it comes to street photography, our curiosity is what guides us out of our houses and onto the streets. Treat the camera as an excuse to go out into the world and see what’s going on. When you’re making photographs, you’re asking questions about the world. Pay attention to what triggers your attention and follow those desires.
Every morning when I wake up, I like to think of it as a new day to go out there and play with my eyes wide open. I’m basically just a big kid with a camera. To remain forever curious, I believe we must return to a childlike state. Forget everything you think you know, and remain as open-minded as possible.
Embrace chaos and the unknown. Through our curiosity, we can uplift the mundane and create something out of nothing. Everything and anything can become photographable when you raise the camera to your eye. You just have to look at things like you’re seeing them for the first time.
Before you go outside, ask yourself this question:
What will reality manifest to be in a photograph?
Intuition
The etymology of intuition is rooted in Latin. It comes from the Latin word intuitio, meaning “a looking at, consideration,” which is derived from intueri, translated as “to look at, consider.” This word is formed from in- (meaning “at, on”) and tueri, which means “to look at, watch over.”
The word encapsulates the idea of “looking into” or perceiving something instinctively.
Street Photography requires a strong visual acuity and sensitivity to things. Intuition is that God-like feeling you get from your gut that tells you to press the shutter. To capture spontaneous moments, you must remain on your toes at all times, ready to pounce on the hunt.
Don’t overthink, just shoot.
The less you think while on the street, the more you tap into your intuition.
Follow your desire, and whatever interests you will appear within the frames you create.
Street photography is a zen-like meditative practice where intuition and spontaneity take over. It’s liberating because it keeps you in the present moment. You forget about the past and don’t worry about the future. The only thing that matters is the now. I say, let the chips fall as they may. Follow your gut and shoot more carelessly. Take more pictures than you think you should and approach subjects from all angles. A lot of the time, the first shot you take will be the best because intuition is king.
Street photography is an artistic approach to the medium. It’s a blend of documentary and surrealism. When reviewing your photographs after a day of shooting, consider this:
What you see isn’t what you get. What you get is what you didn’t see.
Courage
The etymology of the word courage traces back to the Latin word cor, which means “heart.” Over time, the concept of courage became associated with qualities of the heart, such as bravery and steadfastness.
The evolution of “courage” from its Latin roots to its modern usage encapsulates the idea of inner strength and bravery as qualities of the heart.
A famous quote about courage from the “Rocky” film series, specifically from “Rocky Balboa” (2006), is:
“It ain’t about how hard you hit. It’s about how hard you can get hit and keep moving forward; how much you can take and keep moving forward. That’s how winning is done!”
How much heart can one have? Street photography tests your courage. It’s not necessarily easy to photograph strangers on the streets candidly. You must be bold and daring. Street Photography requires a bit of risk-taking to get the shot. I find this to be an exhilarating feeling that fuels my lust for life itself.
How to Build Courage in Street Photography:
Ask for permission: If you’re nervous, start by asking people if you can photograph them. It helps break the ice.
Use an Instax camera: Gift a small print to a stranger after you take their photo. It’s a great way to connect and build confidence.
Get used to rejection: If someone denies you, see it as a good thing. It builds resilience and humility.
Remember, we photograph people because we love people. Confrontation creates humility and allows you to fuel your courage and confidence to actually go out there and do the thing. You must recognize that you’re not doing anything wrong when you’re making pictures of people on the streets. Embrace your passion with an open heart. Wear a smile on your face when on the streets. Say hi to people and give them compliments. Be the tourist in your hometown. Sometimes, the more you stand out, the more you blend in.
Ultimately, the amount of courage you exude on the street will determine the results of your photographs. Strong pictures are the results of a strong photographer. One question I like to ask myself about my photographs is this:
Did the photograph require courage to make, or not?
Conclusion
In the end, street photography is about much more than just taking pictures. It’s about being present, curious, and courageous. By embracing these traits, you’ll find yourself constantly drawn back to the streets, ready to capture whatever reality manifests. It’s a lifelong journey, and the goal is to keep walking it, camera in hand, with a sense of wonder and a heart full of courage.
What’s popping, people? It’s Dante, and today, I’m walking around Philadelphia on this dark and gloomy day, thinking about a philosophy that keeps me inspired: forever an amateur.
Forget What You Think You Know
Many photographers look for a source of “motivation” or “inspiration.” What if I told you that the easiest way to stay motivated in photography is by forgetting everything you think you know?
When you let go of preconceived notions about what makes a great photograph, you give yourself permission to explore without limits. Return to day one, like it’s the first time you’ve ever held a camera. See the world with fresh eyes.
“Photography is merely a reflection of your lust for life.”
Learn on the Street
For me, the street is a place to learn. I never want to stop learning. If you step onto the street with the mindset that everything has been done before or nothing here is interesting, you will inevitably lose your curiosity, become unmotivated, and produce less work.
Tips for Staying Curious:
Treat every day like it’s your first day with a camera: Approach each day with a sense of wonder.
Let life flow towards you: Be patient with your progress and allow the world to reveal itself.
Detach from the results: Don’t worry about whether the photos will be good or not—just focus on the process.
Photography as a Way of Being
When I hit the street, I make sure to stay curious, like it’s always my first day outside with a camera. To return to this amateur spirit every single day is critical to practicing street photography. Otherwise, it can become tedious or boring if you are always on the hunt.
“Simply let life flow towards you, be patient with your progress, and don’t be attached to the end results.”
Photography takes time, patience, and a willingness to explore and learn every day. It’s not about chasing after perfect images but about allowing the world to unfold in front of you and responding with your intuition. When you see a puddle, let it become a portal into another world.
Never Become a Master
I believe that the only way to keep the fire alive is to never consider yourself a master. Always be a student of life, ready to absorb new experiences and learn from each one. This is what keeps me passionate about life and photography—treating every day like it’s day one.
Remember:
Photography is about seeing deeply, not just capturing moments.
Forget everything you think you know and explore like a child.
Stay an amateur forever, and the world will always have something new to show you.
So, if you’re looking for that spark of inspiration or motivation to practice photography, try embracing the unknown. It’s worked for me, and maybe it’ll work for you too.
Forget what you know, and treat every day like it’s day one. Appreciate the beauty in the mundane, and you might just find yourself amazed and inspired through the simplest of things.
Mastering Layers: Practice, Patience, and Persistence
I mastered using layers in street photography through years of practice. It’s a way of seeing that requires a lot of practice and patience to get these kinds of layered photos. I think the secret is taking LOTS of pictures of scenes you deem worthy. If there’s anything interesting going on, don’t stop shooting. You leave when the scene leaves you. Stay for as long as you can to get that shot! It’s not going to happen in a one-and-done quick snapshot. You’ve got to keep pushing through and work on your observational skills. It’s all about that foreground, middle ground, background!
“At the end of the day, photography is a visual game and a physical pleasure.”
Think: Where must I position myself and the camera for the puzzle pieces to align? Photography is visual problem solving.
Mexico: A Lesson in Patience and Persistence
Take, for instance, a photograph I made in Mexico. I found myself at the top of a mountain, watching a man exclaim “Mexico, Mexico” with his arms outstretched. Behind him, a sculpture of Jesus mirrored his gesture. This composition didn’t happen in an instant. I took hundreds of photos, experimenting with different angles and perspectives. I deleted most of those shots, keeping only the one where everything aligned. The scene unfolded naturally as I moved through it—following the man as he danced, laughed, and climbed the ladder.
“I positioned myself above him, looking down, and just as his arms extended, I clicked. That split second felt like the culmination of all the moments leading up to it.”
The secret sauce is simple: you observe, you adapt, and when the right moment comes, you act.
Building Relationships: A Day on the Mediterranean Shore
To create layered compositions, I spend time with the people I photograph. I immerse myself in their world, allowing connections to form. It’s a process of exploration, of being patient, and of letting the scene unfold. I remember a day spent on a rocky shore with some locals. They were pulling clams off the rocks, and we shared freshly caught seafood right there by the Mediterranean. They had tied a watermelon to a rock, letting it chill in the sea like a natural refrigerator. Hours later, they pulled it out, and as they sliced it open, I noticed the scene around me.
“To make a layered composition, maybe the secret sauce is this: you interact with people; you don’t just take a picture and leave. Half the time in these pictures, I spent some time working that scene. I spent some time photographing. I didn’t just take the picture and leave.”
I framed the scene from above, using the watermelon as a central element and positioning the people around it. A man swimming in the background created a dynamic triangle with the figures, adding depth to the composition. These are the moments that come from spending time with your subjects and letting the scene guide you.
Jericho: Play and Spontaneity with the Youth
There’s something special about photographing youth. It’s easier to capture their spontaneous energy, but that doesn’t mean it comes without effort. In Jericho, I spent time with a group of kids playing near a graveyard, a donkey nearby, and the empty frame of a playground. I joined them, doing pull-ups on the bars and becoming part of their world.
“These Palestinian kids, they’re playing on this empty frame right on the border in the desert of Jericho, and I captured the dynamic composition through my play—through me doing pull-ups on that bar, through me hanging out with these kids, and then I took the picture.”
It’s all about being present, interacting, and letting the scene evolve naturally. The photograph happens when you’re part of the moment, not just an observer.
Finding the Sweet Spot: Positioning and Intuition
Using layers in street photography is the most challenging approach that many people want to learn. Here are a few tips:
Observe a “scene” – A scene can be anything happening on the street: people waiting at a bus stop, children playing soccer, a vendor selling food at a market, or people exiting a church.
Be patient. Allow yourself time to watch the events in front of you unfold.
Pay attention to the background. A successful photo is a legible photo. Cluttered backgrounds are distracting. I tend to find my background first.
Position your camera. Layering is all about finding that sweet spot at the scene. Where can you position yourself to snap the shutter at the moment the events unfold? These tend to happen at a “choke point.” You can practice your camera positioning at any corner on the street where people are moving in and out, as these tend to be active areas.
Look for gestures. Watch the faces, hands, and feet of people as they move. These observations will determine when to press the shutter.
Shoot more than you think you should.
Move around. Maybe it would work better for you to get closer, but sometimes you need to distance yourself.
Interact with the people at the scene. Don’t be afraid to chat with people. Keep it candid, but making your presence known is not a bad thing.
Foreground, Middleground, Background. When you connect everything together, you will get the instinctual feeling that you pressed the shutter at the right time.
Never leave the scene. Let the scene leave you. Spend as much time as you need. Some of my best photographs were made with lots of time spent.
Philadelphia Backyard: A Layered Moment with a Rainbow
This is an example of a successful layered photograph that I made in my backyard in Philadelphia. I spent a few hours working this scene, carefully aligning each element for the perfect moment. It takes patience and persistence to get everything lined up just right.
I observed the rainbow from outside of the fountain and tried my best to position my camera to include it in my frame. I soon realized that I needed to face the fountain at a very specific angle for the rainbow to appear, so I decided to hop in the water and take the risk. A lot of successful street photography requires courage to get the shot.
This photograph came together after a lot of time and effort. Luck favors the prepared. Watch the video below to see the behind-the-scenes footage from my POV:
Grandmother and Gesture: Finding Emotion in the Everyday
Photographing the people close to me is no different. I captured a photograph of my grandmother, Mimi—rest in peace. Maybe it wasn’t the most flattering photo, but as a street photographer, we don’t pose each other; we take the shot as it is. I positioned my camera close to her face, using her arm to break up the frame, and I noticed how her gesture and the red of her lips interacted with the people in the background.
“You look for those things to break the frame up, and these things happen naturally through your vision.”
The gesture of her hand, the way it filled part of the frame, became the focal point that brought the composition together.
Embrace the Chaos: Letting the Scene Unfold
I’ve always enjoyed scenes with a bit of chaos—frames that are filled with energy and movement. For me, the unpredictable is where the magic happens.
“I like positioning my camera in a place where I don’t know what I’m gonna get… When you think of the foreground, middle ground, background, you start to see like this.”
It’s about placing yourself where things are happening, letting the elements move naturally, and being ready to capture when everything aligns. You can’t force a layered composition; you can only position yourself to see it.
Final Thoughts: Trusting Your Vision
Ultimately, no one can teach you how to see. Layering in street photography isn’t about following rigid rules; it’s about being curious, present, and trusting your intuition. Spend time with your subjects, follow their gestures, and embrace the unpredictability of the streets.
“You’ve got to be on your toes… The car breaks down—what do you do to make this composition interesting? You think on your feet, frame the foreground, middle ground, background, and start to see like this.”
And that’s my advice to anyone who wants to learn how to layer compositions. Be present, be curious, and let your vision guide you. When you’re out there with your camera, don’t worry about getting it perfect—just be there, and the layers will come.
Summary: Ten Best Tips for Using Layers in Street Photography
Shoot A Lot and Be Patient The key to capturing layered compositions is to take many photos of scenes you find interesting. Stay with a scene until it leaves you—don’t expect a perfect shot with just one click. Patience pays off as you observe how the elements align over time.
Engage with Your Subjects Spending time with the people you photograph allows for natural interactions and dynamic compositions. Don’t just take the picture and leave—immerse yourself in the scene. This creates opportunities for deeper layers and richer stories.
Focus on Foreground, Middleground, and Background A successful layered photo connects these three elements. Think about how each part of the scene interacts with the others, adding depth and context. It’s all about aligning these layers to tell a compelling story.
Find the Right Background First A clean background can make or break a photo. Start by identifying a good background before layering other elements into the frame. This ensures that your photo remains legible, even when more elements are added.
Position Your Camera Intentionally Your camera’s placement determines how elements come together in a scene. Experiment with angles and perspectives until you find the sweet spot. This often means finding a “choke point” where elements naturally align.
Look for Gestures and Movements Pay close attention to people’s gestures—hands, feet, and body language. These movements can create connections between different elements in the frame, making the photo more dynamic.
Be Willing to Take Risks Sometimes, getting the shot means stepping out of your comfort zone. Whether it’s hopping into a fountain or positioning yourself in unexpected places, courage is often required to capture unique compositions.
Embrace Chaos and Serendipity Layered street photography thrives on unpredictability. Position yourself where interesting things are happening, and let the scene unfold naturally. The best photos often come from moments you couldn’t have planned.
Practice Visual Problem-Solving Think of photography as a puzzle. Ask yourself: Where do I need to stand? How do I arrange the elements? Constantly solve the visual problems in front of you, and look for ways to improve the composition.
Spend Time Observing the Scene Don’t rush the process. Let yourself absorb what’s happening before snapping the photo. Some of the best images are made after spending hours in one spot, waiting for the right moment when all elements come together.
